㈠ 給我一篇國際服務貿易的外文翻譯吧，可以是已經出版的有外文翻譯過來的期刊 專著…… 萬分感謝
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㈡ 求助金融方面的外文翻譯及資料
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㈢ 對外貿易的英文文獻 及翻譯
我國服務貿易發展的現狀與對策
摘要：服務貿易正逐漸成為全球經濟競爭的重點。加入WTO以後,我國服務貿易獲得了一定的發展,但也存在著一些問題。只有制定有效的措施，才能推動我國服務貿易的發展。
關鍵詞：服務貿易；現狀；對策
上世紀末以來，全球經濟競爭的重點正從貨物貿易轉向服務貿易，服務業發達的程度成為衡量現代化水平的重要標志。目前，我國已進入全面建設小康社會的發展階段，必須大力發展服務業，並把擴大服務業領域的對外開放作為我國更廣泛地參與國際競爭、融入經濟全球化的重要內容。
一、我國服務貿易的發展現狀
近年來，我國服務業實現了持續、穩定、健康發展，服務業的發展促進了服務貿易的增長。1989年我國的服務貿易進出口總額在全世界名列第30位，2000年上升到第12位。但是，由於我國服務貿易起點低、基礎差，與發達國家相比仍有很大差距，主要表現在：
1、服務貿易整體水平差
我國服務業總量不足，在國民經濟中比重偏低。2001年我國服務業增加值32254億元，佔GDP的比重為33. 6％。與中等收入國家的46%—56%、高收入國家的59％—65%相比，還有很大的差距。服務業落後使我國服務貿易的發展受到很大的制約。2002年我國服務貿易總額為660億美元，佔全球服務貿易總額的2.3％。而同期美國服務貿易總額佔全球的16.5％，是我國的7倍多。從總體上看，除旅遊等少數行業外，多數服務貿易領域處於逆差狀態。加入WTO後，服務貿易逆差有可能進一步擴大．
2、服務貿易內部結構不合理
1995—2002年，我國服務出口總額中，旅遊服務一直居於首位，其比重由27. 6％升至36. 5％：金融服務所佔比重一直在19％左右；運輸服務的比重有所下降，由27. 1％降為19%。而以信息技術為基礎的新興服務業則是明顯的弱項，1995年這類產業在服務進口額中所佔比重為22. 9％，2001年劇增為52. 4%，是使我國服務貿易逆差日益增大的重要因素。
3、服務貿易管理滯後
由於服務業是由許多相關行業組成的產業群，國際服務貿易涉及的行業范圍極廣，國際社會要求一國對其國內的服務業進行整體協調和管理。目前，我國對外服務貿易管理體制存在許多缺陷，如中央與地方在服務業對外貿易政策和規章方面還存在一定的差別，服務業多頭管理、政出多門甚至相互掣肘的問題還沒有完全解決，服務業的統計也不規范，行業標准等方面有許多不符合國際慣例。
4、服務貿易立法不健全
長期以來，我國服務貿易立法嚴重滯後，雖然近年頒布了《商業銀行法》、《保險法》、《海商法》等，但與服務貿易廣泛的內涵和國際服務貿易發展的要求相比還存在許多不足。目前我國尚沒有一個關於服務業的一般性法律，已有的規定主要表現為各職能部門的規章和內部文件，不僅立法層次較低，而且缺乏協調，從而影響了我國服務貿易立法的統一性和透明度。
二、加入WTO對我國服務貿易的影響
我國加入WTO後，服務業市場將在原有的基礎上進一步擴大對外開放，這將對我國服務貿易的發展帶來深刻的影響。
1、服務貿易市場化進程進一步加快
放寬限制、開放市場是服務貿易發展的關鍵。加入WTO，部分服務行業的市場准入，將不再僅僅受國內有關部門的控制，而是要執行我國政府對世貿組織的承諾，這將有利於打破國內部分行業的壟斷局面，有利於國內行業學習國外先進的經驗，使其提高服務質量和水平，進一步推動我國服務業的發展和國際競爭力的提高。
2、有利於改善我國的投資環境
投資環境不僅僅體現於公路、通信、電力供應等硬體的好壞，越來越多地體現於金融、分銷、專業服務等生產性服務的完備與質量等方面。我國服務業總體上落後，而生產性服務更為落後，這正是外國投資者看中我國市場的重要原因。服務業的對外開旅，將吸引更多的外資進入我國服務業，這將有力地促進服務業，特別是生產性服務業的快速發展，改善我國投資的軟環境，進而帶動國內整個經濟的發展。
3、有利於引入新的服務種類
我國服務業的落後，在很大程度上表現為服務種類、品種的缺乏，許多服務領域需要填補「國內空白」。在世界貿易組織劃分的143個行業中，我國商業化的稅務服務、民意測驗服務、信用查詢等行業，基本上處於空白狀態。在許多行業，具體的服務領域、服務品種還存在大量空白。服務市場的開放和外資的進入，將在相當程度上彌補我國服務業發展中的各種空白，滿足國內經濟發展和人民生活的各種需要。
4、有利於在更深層次上參與世界經濟結構的調整
在經濟全球化趨勢的推動下，全球服務業也在醞釀著世界范圍的調整。加入WTO，有利於我國借發達國家向海外轉移勞動密集型、資本密集型服務業之機，吸引外國投資，改善我國服務業的內部結構；也有利於我國服務提供者進入國際市場，實施「走出去」戰略，擴大服務貿易出口。
三、增強我國服務貿易競爭力的主要措施
1、優化服務行業結構
大力發展現代服務業，重點發展信息、科技、咨詢、法律等行業，帶動服務業整體水平提高。積極發展新興服務業，如房地產、物業管理、旅遊、教育培訓、文化體育等，形成新的經濟增長點。改組改造傳統產業，運用現代經營方式和服務技術，著重改造商貿流通、交通運輸、餐飲等行業，提高技術水平和經營效率。
2、放寬服務業市場准入
改變部分行業壟斷經營嚴重、市場准入限制過嚴的狀況，按市場主體資質和服務標准，逐步形成公開透明、管理規范的市場准入制度。加快壟斷行業管理體制的改革，放寬部分行業市場准入的資質條件，鼓勵非國有經濟在更廣泛的領域參與服務業發展。還要改革市場准入的行政審批制度，減少行政審批項目。
3、多渠道增加服務業投入
中央和地方各級政府，都要適當安排一定數量的投資，作為加快發展服務業的引導資金，主要用於國家鼓勵的服務業建設項目的貼息或補助，以更多地吸引銀行信貸資金和社會投入。銀行要在獨立審貸的基礎上積極向符合貸款條件的服務業企業及其建設項目發放貸款．鼓勵符合條件的服務業企業進入資本市場融資。
4、加強對服務業的組織領導
進一步轉變觀念，統一思想，提高認識，把服務業擺到與農業、工業同等重要的位置。各級政府要切實履行職責，為加快發展服務業創造良好的環境。制定和完善規范服務業市場主體行為和市場秩序的法律法規，為服務業發展提供法律保障。
China's service trade development and Countermeasures
Abstract: Trade in services is becoming the focus of global economic competition. Join the WTO, China's service trade was a certain amount of development, but there are some problems. Only the development of effective measures to promote China's service trade development.
Keywords: services trade; the status quo; Strategy
Since the end of last century, global economic competition is the focus shift from trade in services trade in goods, services advanced degree to become an important symbol to measure the level of modernization. At present, China has entered the development stage of building a moderately prosperous society, we must vigorously develop the service instry, and to expand services to the outside world as China's greater participation in international competition, an important part of integration into economic globalization.
I. Development of China's service trade
In recent years, China's service instry to achieve sustained, stable and healthy development of service instries to promote the growth of trade in services. 1989, China's service trade import and export volume in the world ranked 30, 2000 increased to 12. However, e to the low level of trade in services, infrastructure is poor, there is still a big gap compared with developed countries, mainly in:
1, the overall level of trade in services poor
My total lack of services, the low proportion in the national economy. In 2001 the added value of 3.2254 trillion yuan of Service, the proportion of GDP, is 33.6%. And middle-income countries, 46% -56%, high-income countries compared to 59% -65%, there is a great difference. Services behind the development of our country trade in services under great constraints. China's service trade in 2002 totaled 66 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for global service trade volume of 2.3%. The same period, total U.S. trade in services accounted for 16.5% of the world is China's 7 percent. Overall, in addition to tourism and a few instries, most trade in services in a deficit state. Join the WTO, the service trade deficit may be further expanded.
2, the internal structure of trade in services is unreasonable
1995-2002, China's total exports of services, tourism services has been at the top, its share from the 27.6 percent rise to 36.5 percent: the proportion of financial services have been around 19%; decline in the proportion of transportation services, by the 27.1% reced 19%. The information technology-based emerging service instries is obvious weaknesses in the service of this instry in 1995, the proportion of imports to 22.9 percent in 2001 soared to 52.4 percent, making China's service trade an important factor in the increasing deficit.
3, management of trade in services lagged
As the service sector is composed of many related instries instry groups, instries involved in international trade in services scope, the international community requires a State to carry out their domestic services sector overall coordination and management. At present, China's foreign trade in services management system has many defects, such as central and local foreign trade policy and regulations in the service sector there are still some differences, long service management, and those policies or issues of mutual constraints has not been fully resolved, Services statistics are not norms, instry standards and so many do not comply with international practice.
4, trade in services legislation is not perfect
Over the years, lagged far behind China's service trade legislation, although enacted in recent years, "Commercial Bank Law", "Insurance Law", "Maritime" and so on, but a wide range of content and services, trade and development requirements of international trade in services, there are many less than . At present, China still does not have a general law on the service have been the main performance of the provisions of the regulations for the various functional departments and internal documents, not only the legislation is quite low, and the lack of coordination, which affects the unity of China's service trade legislation and transparency.
Second, join the WTO impact on China Trade in Services
China's accession to WTO, the services market will further expand the basis of the original opening, which will bring China's service trade development profound impact.
1, the service trade market to further accelerate the process of
Deregulation, open markets are key to the development of trade in services. Join the WTO, market access in some service sectors, will not only control by the domestic authorities, but to the implementation of our government's commitment to the WTO, which will help break the monopoly of some domestic instries, is concive to the domestic instry learn foreign advanced experience, to improve service quality and level of services in China to further promote the development and improvement of international competitiveness.
2, will help to improve the investment environment in China
Investment environment is not only reflected in the road, communication, power supply and other hardware is good or bad, more and more reflected in the financial, distribution, professional services and other proction services such as the completeness and quality. China's service sector generally backward, more backward, procer services, which is Chinese and foreign investors, an important reason for our market. Services of opening travel, will attract more foreign capital into the services sector, which will effectively promote the service sector, in particular the rapid development of procer services, improve the soft investment environment in China, in order to stimulate the development of the domestic economy as a whole.
3, will help introce new types of services
Behind our services to a large extent the performance of the types of services, lack of variety, many services need to fill "the gaps." Division of the World Trade Organization's 143 instries, our commercial tax services, poll services, credit inquiries, etc., is basically a blank. In many instries, specific services, there are still large gaps in service varieties. Service market opening and entry of foreign capital, will make up a considerable extent, the various gaps in the service instry to meet the domestic economic development and people's living needs.
4, is concive to a deeper level the restructuring of the world economy
The promotion of economic globalization, global services are brewing around the world adjusted. Join the WTO, will help China to shift to overseas countries by labor-intensive, capital-intensive service instry the opportunity to attract foreign investment, improve the internal structure of our services; also help our service providers to enter the international market, "going out "strategy to expand trade in services exports.
Third, enhance the competitiveness of China's service trade, the main measures
1, optimization services instry structure
Vigorously develop modern services sector, focusing on the development of information, technology, consulting, legal and other instries to bring the overall level of service increase. Actively develop new service instries, such as real estate, property management, tourism, ecation and training, culture, sports, etc. to form a new economic growth point. Reorganization of the transformation of traditional instries, the use of modern management methods and services technology, focusing on transforming flow of commerce, transportation, catering and other instries, technological level and operational efficiency.
2, relaxation of market access for services
Monopoly in some sectors to change the serious, too restrictive market access conditions, the main qualification to market and service standards, and graally form an open and transparent and standardized management of the market access system. Accelerate the reform of management system of monopoly instries, relax qualifications in some sectors market access conditions, encouraging non-state participation in the broader field of service instry. Market access, reform of administrative approval system, rece administrative examination and approval.
3, multi-channel input to increase services
Central and local levels of government, appropriate arrangements should be a number of investment as a guide to speed up the development of the service sector, mainly for the service sector construction projects encouraged by the state as discount or subsidy to attract more bank credit funds and social input. Censoring banks in the basis of independent active service to meet the loan conditions of loans to enterprises and their projects. Encourage qualified enterprises to enter the capital market financing services.
4, to strengthen organization and leadership services
Further change the concept of unity of thinking, raise awareness, the service placed with agriculture, instry, equally important position. Governments at all levels must perform their ties, in order to accelerate the development of services to create a good environment. Develop and improve the standard of the main services market behavior and market order, laws and regulations to provide legal protection for the service instry.
㈣ 外文翻譯
這項研究還顯示，在服務業外國直接投資是市場追求，且不受東道國貿易的開內放性。國內市場的重要性，以容及貿易的渺小，是從外國直接投資總計服務部門的分析明顯，大體上由四個主要服務行業的分析確認。有，但是，也是在重要的外國直接投資流動的決定因素的差異在不同的服務行業。製片人的想法是一個全球性的服務結合在一起解體鏈生產，製造業的外國直接投資是一致的外國直接投資在某些生產性服務業（金融和運輸）的外國直接投資微不足道，但在服務行業，如貿易其他類型的強勁因素。滯後變數的使用表明，生產性服務業滯後反應不同的外國直接投資在製造業，金融業正在迅速響應比運輸業。
由於大量業務和外國直接投資總額的作用越來越大外國直接投資流量，從而引發東道國及其決定因素進行有效和積極的鋪平東道國的外國直接投資政策的方式。特別是，一些理論貢獻都強調從生產者服務貿易的潛在利益，在提高生產率方面（[馬庫森，1989]和[Hodge和Nordås，2001]）。凡貿易是不可行的，外國直接投資可以有類似的效果。我們的研究結果表明，生產者服務業在各種廣泛的製造業務上依賴外國，以及龐大的國內市場，而且還對在東道國經濟的體制環境等方面
㈤ 什麼叫金融服務貿易
金融服務貿易是指通過金融服務業進行的貿易。
從GATS對國際服務貿易的相關定義來看，金融服務貿易可分為四種模式：
(1)跨境交付，指金融服務的提供者在本國向境外的非居民消費者提供服務，它是基於信息技術的發展和網路化的普及而實現的跨越國界的遠程交易；
(2)境外消費，指金融服務的提供者在本國向當地的非居民提供服務，例如一國金融機構對到本國境內旅行的外國消費者提供服務；
(3)商業存在，指一國的金融機構到其他國家設立商業機構或專業機構，如果具有法人資格就可以該國的居民的身份為當地的消費者提供金融服務，這種貿易模式有利於避免跨境交付的限制，迎合了東道國消費者的「本土偏好」，還便於外國金融機構與當地建立長期的業務關系；
(4)自然人流動，指金融服務提供者以自然人形式到境外為當地消費者提供服務。由於境外消費和自然人流動這兩種模式在實際的交易中所佔份額很小，所以國際金融服務貿易的提供方式主要是跨境交付和商業存在這兩種模式。
相比而言，一國開放跨境交付的金融服務貿易一般應滿足資本自由流動的需要。而商業存在模式則避開了這一硬性條件，除了穩定資本流動，還能為宏觀經濟帶來一系列直接和間接的利益。但是，從長遠看，要實現金融服務貿易全面開放的最大利益，這兩種貿易模式的開放必須均衡發展。
㈥ 求幾篇關於服務貿易的外文文獻，最好帶中文翻譯，謝謝
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㈦ 求有關中國服務貿易的外文文獻，有帶中文翻譯的謝謝。
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