⑴ 微觀經濟學
這題的題點，如提示說的，在於increasing opportunity cost上。這也是為什麼一個理論上的PPF是一個向外凸出的圖像。我們的這題里精靈和矮人城市只生產兩種產品mail和sword。他們面臨的是fixed opportunity cost，所以，實際的PPF是直線。具體解題思路如下：
首先，把我之前給你畫的倆個城市的PPF畫出來。然後，評價說，兩個PPF不是向外凸出的曲線，而是直線。
這與我們經常見到的理論存在的PPF是不相符的。（可以畫一個理論PPF的圖，書本上那種向外凸出的PPF曲線）。
這種向外凸出的PPF曲線，主要是因為opportunity cost是increasing的。This implies as an economy increases its proction of any good along its PPF, the cost of obtaining an additional unit of the good will be increasing。
我們精靈和矮人城市是另外一個story。因為，我們精靈和矮人城市只生產兩種產品 sword and mail。The opportunity cost that Rivendell and Moria face is actually fixed. Take Rivendell for an example, increasing the proction of one unit mail cost Rivendell precisely 3 units of sword and this cost is fixed despite how many mails Rivendell is currently procing (within its proction capacity, of course)
因為兩個城市面臨的opportunity cost都是fixed的，所以，他們的PPF是直線。而非正常的外凸的PPF。This is also why the PPFs of Rivendell and Moria are possible.
⑵ 經濟學英語論文翻譯
China's sustained economic growth and weak world economic growth and the continuous devaluation of dollar, particularly the U.S. government in the domestic unemployment rate and rising international trade deficit of the circumstances, the United States some people will be unemployed manufacturing workers in the United States and the reasons for the Sino-US trade deficit Summed up as the RMB exchange rate
First, the renminbi exchange rate is not the main cause of Sino-US trade deficit
1, the EC analysis of Sino-US trade balance
China and the United States for such a big difference between two main aspects of reasons: (1), the United States statistics will be part of China through Hong Kong re-exports of double counting in China's exports to the United States (2), the U.S. trade data Collection process has many problems.
2, Sino-US trade deficit is what causes
(1), the U.S. Government's high-tech procts export control policy, Sino-US trade imbalance is an important reason.
(2), U.S. investment in China's balance of trade of multinational companies is another important reason. China to the United States despite the existence of high trade surplus, but a large part of the trade surplus from the U.S. multinational companies in China, according to Chinese statistics show that: China's import and export amount of 56 percent is from foreign-funded enterprises to achieve, China is U.S. multinational companies to rece proction costs and increase profits one of the main channel.
(3), the U.S. trade statistics report and the multinational corporations will not return to the United States of the investment income account
3, Liaokai U.S. foreign trade deficit veil
U.S. imports from the large number of foreign companies in setting up their own proction lines, in other words, the U.S. subsidiary of multinational companies import goods from overseas, the reality of the trade are many companies and the companies, not countries trade with the countries of the document.
British economist Julius once the U.S. balance of trade statistics, if coupled with its overseas subsidiaries in the local double-counting, then in 1986 the U.S. trade balance from a deficit of 144 billion U.S. dollars into 57 billion A surplus of U.S. dollars. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce statistics, in 1995 the U.S. subsidiary of multinational companies in sales over 210 million U.S. dollars, with exports of goods and services the same year 794 billion U.S. dollars, almost 3 trillion U.S. dollars, and foreign exports to the U.S. and foreign companies in the U.S. , A subsidiary of the internal sales total of 2.4 trillion U.S. dollars, the United States today is not the world's largest trade deficit country, but the world on a few large trade surplus with one of the country.
U.S. exports to foreign multinational companies in the United States and abroad for sale on the market, both in 2002 and amounted to 3 trillion U.S. dollars. Over the same period, imports of U.S. and foreign multinational companies in the U.S. market sales, and for both of 2.4 trillion U.S. dollars, resulting in the United States on the world's total trade surplus of 600 billion U.S. dollars, and this is when the analysis of the U.S. foreign trade deficit Should comprehensively grasp the essence of the problem.
4, the U.S. trade deficit, the real reason for the
(1) in the 1970s, the two oil crises led to two world oil prices rose sharply, from Japan and developing countries with strong economic competitiveness and the strength of the dollar, which makes U.S. goods, services, trade Deficit in 1987 reached a peak of 152 billion U.S. dollars.
(2) deterioration of the low U.S. savings rate, the United States must from the international financial market, raising funds for construction, that is, factoring funds to invest heavily in the building.
(3) U.S. multinational companies in the United States in the import trade played by the "one of us" role, that is part of the trade deficit is actually "returning goods."
China and the United States is a complementary economy, maintain the existing exchange rate system is a win-win situation