onthemargin經濟學

㈠ at the margin，on the margin，in the margin有何不同

The village is situated at the margin of a forest.
村子位於森林來的邊緣源

He made some notes in the margin.
他在頁邊空白處做筆記。

They were an old couple living on the margin of respectability.
他們是一對老夫妻,過著幾乎是不太體面的日子。

㈡ 微觀經濟學的十大原理是什麼

1.人們面臨權衡取捨 People face tradeoffs

2.某些東西的成本是為了得到它所放棄東西 The cost of something is what you give up to get it

3.理性人考慮邊際量 Rational people think at the margin

4.人們會對激勵作出反應 People respond to incentives

人們如何相互交易How people interact

5.貿易能使每個人的狀況變得更好Trade can make everyone better off

6.市場通常是組織經濟活動的一種最好方法Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity

7.政府有時可以改善市場結果Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes

整個經濟如何運行 How the economy as a whole works

8.一國的生活水平取決於它生產物品與勞務的能力A country's standard of living depends on its ability to proce goods and services

9.當政府發行了過多貨幣時，物價上升Prices rise when the government prints too much money

10.社會面臨通貨膨脹與失業之間的短期權衡取捨Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment

㈢ 經濟學中的「邊際」一詞是什麼意思邊際效用、邊際產量、邊際成本、邊際收益。。。。。。

邊際效用按定義講是指「在一定時間內消費者增加一個單位商品或服務所帶版來的新增效用，也就是總權效用的增量。」(見網路的相應條目)
之所以會感到難於理解「邊際」這個詞，是因為不太熟悉它的原文Margin。在商務運作中，外國人常說某種產品的Margin是多少，類似我們說的「毛利潤」。但Margin與毛利潤(Gross profit)在英語中不同。Gross profit通常指稅前利潤，也就是說，這部分產品增值已經是利潤了，只是沒有交稅而已。但國內一般說毛利潤時，還沒有減去各種費用。
所以，可以看出，問題緩信出在對Margin的翻譯上。margin准確的翻譯應該是增量。如果用圖表來表示，這部分增量永遠處於某正常曲線上方的位置，可以形象地翻譯成邊際。只是邊際這個詞沒有明確顯示出增量的意義，這是則哪液這個詞的翻譯的遺憾。
經濟學中我最欣賞的是通貨膨脹這個翻譯，原文inflation太過簡單，僅僅孫物是指上漲。我曾在網路知道上詢問歷史上是誰翻譯的或最先使用的，沒有得到結果。

㈣ 看曼昆的經濟學原理，他講的一個邊際的例子沒看懂。

航空公司飛行一趟的成本主要是燃油費、機場服務費、飛機折舊等，這些費用構成了版一趟航權班的主要成本，可能佔90%，而對乘客的服務產生的費用其實是很少的。而增加一個乘客對燃油費、機場服務費等主要費用是沒有影響的，也就是說這些飛行的主要費用在飛行之前基本已經確定了，不會因乘客數量而發生變化。假設飛行一趟的成本是100000，共200個乘客，平均成本就是500，假設現在新增一個乘客，新增加的成本其實就是送他一點食物——蘇打水之類的，這就是邊際成本。你說的那個500是平均成本而不是邊際成本。
邊際成本指的是每一單位新增生產的產品（或者購買的產品）帶來到總成本的增量。

㈤ 經濟學中的邊際margin是什麼概念

邊際（margin），就是指邊緣、額外、追加之意。它被人們用來揭示兩個具有因果或相關關系的經濟變數之間的動態函數關系。當某一經濟函數中的自變數發生一個微小單位的數量變化時，因變數因此而發生的相應的數量變化值，被稱為該因變數的邊際值。

經濟學家把所研究的各種變數分為自變數和因變數，自變數是最初變動的量，因變數是由於自變數變動而引起變動的量。邊際分析就是分析自變數變動與因變數變動的關系。自變數變動所引起的因變數變動量稱為邊際量。在考慮一個決策時，重要的是考慮邊際量，因此，要運用邊際分析法。

邊際產量（Marginal proct）

是指增加一單位生產要素所增加的產量，邊際成本是指增加一單位產量所增加的總成本。假設商品x的生產要素有兩種：A和B ，當B保持不變，增加一單位的生產要素A，可以帶來產量增加1，（比如A是勞力，B是機器設備）此時的邊際成本是市場上一單位生產要素A的價格。

假如增加A帶來的是產量是增加2，則相應的邊際成本是1/2生產要素A的價格。

(5)onthemargin經濟學擴展閱讀：

邊際產量當增加一個單位產量所增加的收入（單位產量售價）高於邊際成本時，是合算的；反之，就是不合算的。所以，任何增加一個單位產量的收入不能低於邊際成本，否則必然會出現虧損；只要增加一個產量的收入能高於邊際成本，即使低於總的平均單位成本，也會增加利潤或減少虧損。

因此計算邊際成本對制訂產品決策具有重要的作用。微觀經濟學理論認為，當產量增至邊際成本等於邊際收入時，為企業獲得其最大利潤的產量。

㈥ 曼昆經濟學原理中的一條：理性人考慮邊際量。求各位大神給一個可以用這條原理分析的案例，最好附上分析。

英文版的案例，不明白的話直接用翻譯把英文翻譯成中文。
PRINCIPLE #3: RATIONAL PEOPLE THINK AT THE MARGIN

Decisions in life are rarely black and white but usually involve shades of gray.
When it』s time for dinner, the decision you face is not between fasting or eating
like a pig, but whether to take that extra spoonful of mashed potatoes. When exams
roll around, your decision is not between blowing them off or studying 24
hours a day, but whether to spend an extra hour reviewing your notes instead of
watching TV. Economists use the term marginal changes to describe small incremental
adjustments to an existing plan of action. Keep in mind that 「margin」
means 「edge,」 so marginal changes are adjustments around the edges of what you
are doing.
In many situations, people make the best decisions by thinking at the margin.
Suppose, for instance, that you asked a friend for advice about how many years to
stay in school. If he were to compare for you the lifestyle of a person with a Ph.D.
to that of a grade school dropout, you might complain that this comparison is not
helpful for your decision. You have some ecation already and most likely are
deciding whether to spend an extra year or two in school. To make this decision,
you need to know the additional benefits that an extra year in school would offer
(higher wages throughout life and the sheer joy of learning) and the additional
costs that you would incur (tuition and the forgone wages while you』re in school).
By comparing these marginal benefits and marginal costs, you can evaluate whether
the extra year is worthwhile.
As another example, consider an airline deciding how much to charge passengers
who fly standby. Suppose that flying a 200-seat plane across the country costs
the airline $100,000. In this case, the average cost of each seat is $100,000/200,
which is $500. One might be tempted to conclude that the airline should never
sell a ticket for less than $500. In fact, however, the airline can raise its profits by
thinking at the margin. Imagine that a plane is about to take off with ten empty
seats, and a standby passenger is waiting at the gate willing to pay $300 for a seat.
Should the airline sell it to him? Of course it should. If the plane has empty seats,
the cost of adding one more passenger is minuscule. Although the average cost of
flying a passenger is $500, the marginal cost is merely the cost of the bag of peanuts
and can of soda that the extra passenger will consume. As long as the standby passenger
pays more than the marginal cost, selling him a ticket is profitable.
As these examples show, indivials and firms can make better decisions by
thinking at the margin. A rational decisionmaker takes an action if and only if the
marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal cost.

㈦ 初讀經濟學書籍，有個問題不懂。邊際利益是什麼意思，我想了好久都不明白。

經濟學中的有個抄原理是：理性的人思考邊際量（ Rational people think at the margin ）。邊際概念指的是每增加一單位的某種產品或者服務的對使用人總效用的影響。相當於微積分中的導數。

㈧ 怎麼理解曼昆經濟學原理的這句話

Principle #1: People face tradeoffs 原理1：人們面臨權衡取捨

Translation: Choices are bad 解釋： 選擇是錯誤的

The reasoning behind this translation is obvious. For example, imagine that somebody comes up to you and offers you a choice between a Snickers bar and some M&Ms. You now have a tradeoff, meaning that you have to choose one or the other. And having to trade one thing off against another is bad; President Truman supposedly asked for a one-armed economics advisor because his two-armed economics advisors were always saying, 「On the one hand...but on the other hand...」

這種解釋的原因其實是顯而易見的。例如，想像一下，某個人讓你在士力架巧克力棒與M&Ms的巧克力產品之間做個選擇。現在你面臨著權衡取捨，意味著你只能選擇其中一個。這種須放棄其一的不得已選擇是痛苦的; 想必杜魯門總統很需要一位獨臂的經濟學顧問因為他的雙臂經濟學顧問經常是「一方面……但另一方面……」

People who have not received any economics ecation might be tempted to think that choices are good. They aren't. The (mistaken) idea that choices are good perhaps stems from the (equally mistaken) idea that lack of choices is bad. This is simply not true, as Mancur Olson points out in his book, The Logic of Collective Action: 「To say situation is 『lost』 or hopeless is in one sense equivalent to saying it is perfect, for in both cases efforts at improvement can bring no positive results.」

沒有學過經濟學知識的人可能會認為選擇是快樂的。實則不然，之所以有認為選擇是快樂的(誤解的)想法，也許是因為他們誤認為缺乏選擇才是痛苦的。這種絕對是正確的，如曼瑟爾