1. HND經濟學導論outcome1答案關於WJE
有一部分，幾篇答案丟了一片
2. hnd 大二 經濟學導論 outcome2考什麼 怎麼 復習
http://wenku..com/view/ccc444292af90242a895e5ca.html
3. hnd經濟學導論稀缺資源和機會成本的定義
稀缺性是指在獲得人們所需要的資源方面所存在的局限性，即資源的供給相對需求在版數量上的不足。
稀缺權資源就是具有稀缺性的資源
機會成本是指在面臨多方案擇一決策時，被舍棄的選項中的最高價值者是本次決策的機會成本。
機會成本又稱為擇一成本、替代性成本。機會成本對商業公司來說，可以是利用一定的時間或資源生產一種商品時，而失去的利用這些資源生產其他最佳替代品的機會就是機會成本。
4. hnd經濟學outcome3第三題什麼意思
題目是這樣的：
曼昆認為消費者都是理性人，他們對激勵做出反應並且考慮邊際因素，解釋供給和需求模型如何在其三個原理中具體表現。
我覺得上面給出的原理很全面，其中三個原理是指上述1、3、4，不用重復了，我在國內的大學學經濟學，一般是要求有自己的觀點，創新。
1500字的文章不算長，第一段先大概介紹一下曼昆的基本觀點，200字就夠了，英語不好我就不獻丑了。
第二段到第四段分別闡述三個觀點
最後總結一下，說一下自己的觀點感受都可，最好客觀一些，英語論文的話，最好用書面詞彙，免得顯得幼稚...
希望對你有所幫助。
5. 誰有SQA HND經濟學導論outcome 1 的答案啊 是一個WJE 汽車公司的!!
請問你有hnd經濟學導論outcome1的答案嗎？急需，謝謝了。
6. 真心跪求 HND SQA 答案啊 客戶服務文化構建 市場學導論 經濟學導論 跪求大神幫忙啊·····
這是經濟學outcome3 Assessment task instructions
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Governments are concerned when markets fail and often intervene. This is particularly important when public and merit goods are involved.
Recently the UK government intervened in two particular cases. The first case involved supermarkets; the second, TV companies.
A decision by government to allow Morrisons to bid to take over Safeway involved them blocking rival bids by Tesco, Sainsbury, and ASDA.
At the same time, they allowed the merger of Carlton and Granada to go ahead. This created a company, which would have a substantial share of the market. There were rumours that this new consortium would, in the near future, possibly take over the Scottish, Grampian and Border TV stations leading to a 『monopoly』 situation with one large ITV company for the whole of the UK.
The UK government is committed to competition but there seem to be occasions when it allows a dominant force in a market.
Government uses several different policies to cope with market failure and often has to address the problem of externalities. London has recently introced a congestion charge and Edinburgh Council is considering something similar in order to rece the use of private cars in these cities. The Green Party has long held a policy to rece traffic congestion by advocating greater use of public transport. These policies are designed to address negative externalities.
With global warming a major concern for the future, there appears to be greater pressure on government to intervene in market failureAnswer the following questions:
What is meant by public and merit goods? Give an example of each.
（1）哈耶克對公共產品的定義為：公共產品並不是對任何特定的需求的直接滿足,而是對某些條件的保障,從而使個人和較小的群體在這些條件下得以享有較有利的機會以滿足彼此的需求.
（2）Merit goodA good (or service) which some "outside analyst" considers to be intrinsically desirable, uplifting or socially valuable for other people to consume, independently of the actual desires or preferences of the consumer himself. In the case of such goods, it is sometimes held that free consumer choice is inappropriate, and therefore that if many consumers left to themselves are unwilling to purchase "appropriate" quantities of such goods, they should be encouraged or even compelled to consume them anyway. Such arguments are often employed in an effort to justify government intervention in the market place to provide such alleged merit goods to the citizenry, either through direct government provision of the good at no cost to the consumer or through payment of tax-financed government subsidies that enable private providers to sell the good far below its true costs of proction. Typical examples of alleged merit goods might include various forms of "higher culture" often ignored by "lowbrows" (grand opera and ballet performances, museums, uplifting documentaries or talking heads shows on PBS TV stations), the services of the clergy of The One True Religion, schoolroom instruction for children, etc
（3）From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Merit goods:The concept of a merit good introced in economics by Richard Musgrave (1957, 1959) is a commodity which is judged that an indivial or society should have on the basis of some concept of need, rather than ability and willingness to pay. The term is, perhaps, less often used today than it was in the 1960s to 1980s but the concept still lies behind many economic actions by governments which are not performed specifically for financial reasons or by supporting incomes (eg via tax rebates). Examples include the provision of food stamps to support nutrition, the delivery of health services to improve quality of life and rece morbidity, subsidized housing and arguably ecation.
(4
舉例子：比如醫療系統，
Public goods
(1)
It is not practically possible to charge for the use of the good
The cost of the good is indivisible, so that its marginal cost is zero
(2)
GLOBAL PUBLIC GOODS: A NEW WAY TO BALANCE THE WORLD』S BOOKS
What is a public good?
Public goods are non-excludable and non-rival in consumption. An example is a street sign. It will not wear out, even if large numbers of people are looking at it; and it would be extremely difficult, costly and highly inefficient to limit its use to only one or a few persons and try to prevent others from looking at it, too. A traffic light or clean air is a further example.
(3)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In economics, a public good is a good that is non-rivalrous and non-excludable. Non-rivalry means that consumption of the good by one indivial does not rece availability of the good for consumption by others; and non-excludability that no one can be effectively excluded from using the good.[1] In the real world, there may be no such thing as an absolutely non-rivaled and non-excludable good; but economists think that some goods approximate the concept closely enough for the analysis to be economically useful.
(4) A public good is a good that it is difficult to charge for, perhaps for political reasons, perhaps because it is physically difficult to charge for it. Lots of people benefit, whether they paid for it or not. As a result, people are disinclined to pay for it, so absent state intervention, the good tends to be underprovided. A lighthouse is a public good, since you cannot stop people from taking advantage of it regardless of whether they have paid for it. Economists say it is 「non excludable」 – those who provide it have difficulty excluding those who will not pay. They also say it is 「non rivalrous」. One person using a lighthouse does not diminish someone else's use of the lighthouse. If a good is non excludable, but rivalrous, they call it a 「commons」, leading to the 「the tragedy of the commons」 – that stuff that cannot be owned and defended tends to be overused, misused and abused. The fish in the ocean are a commons, and so tend to be overfished.
舉例：道路，交通系統
Explain why the Government allowed the merger of Carlton and Granada while refusing Tesco, Sainsbury and ASDA the opportunity of taking over Safeway.
拒絕超市合並的原因：1不想一個大的公司占據市場太大的份額，限制公平競爭，可能會造成企業抬高價格，謀取高額利潤，違反公眾利益，
為什麼允許電視運營商合並？
1 電視市場要求競爭減少
2 因為電視市場和超市不一樣， 特殊性
3，獲取廣告的途徑比較窄，如果合並後，規模更大，能更容易獲得廣告，
4 新的大公司能夠有新的產品被創造出來，因為規模大，運行更加有效，能夠降低成本。
market failure and why governments intervene.
Market failure:
(1)
Market failure :This occurs when there is an inefficient allocation of resources in a free market. There are many different types of market failure:
Externalities (positive and negative)
Merit and De merit goods
Public Goods
Monopoly Power
Inequality
Factor Immobility
Agriculture
Key Terms in Market Failure
Externalities: These occur when a third party is affected by the decisions and actions of others.
(2)An economic term that encompasses a situation where, in any given market, the quantity of a proct demanded by consumers does not equate to the quantity supplied by suppliers. This is a direct result of a lack of certain economically ideal factors, which prevents equilibrium.
有些問題市場無法解決，因此需要政府進行干預來解決這些問題
造成市場失敗的原因：限制競爭 不能提供public and merit產品, Externalities (positive and negative) Inequality ,Factor Immobility
7. HND outcome2 經濟學導論
我的文檔里就有！你可以去下！
8. 美國哪些大學可以專升碩
1.東北大學
東北大學始建於1898年，是一所面向世界的具備較高教育及研究水平的研究型綜合大學. 東北大學被評為一級國家級大學，這代表了美國大學的最高水平，連續多年名列美國大學TOP 50，2019年US news綜合排名44。
地理位置：主校區位於麻省波士頓市區
可申請專業： 領導力、管理學、信息科技、金融與會計管理
最低申請要求：GPA2.25、托福45/雅思5.0、需要相關專業，有先修課要求
2.阿什蘭大學
阿什蘭大學是位於美國俄亥俄州的一所獨立的綜合性大學，建於1878年，商科和教育專業是其強項。該校教育課程注重兩方面，其一，注重文理科的重要性，其二，在選擇專業方面提供商業、教育和神學方面的課程。
地理位置：主校區位於俄亥俄州阿什蘭市
可申請專業：經濟學、工商管理
最低申請要求：GPA2.0、可零托福申請、要求有60個可轉學分
3.波特蘭州立大學
波特蘭州立大學成立於1946年，坐落在美國俄勒岡州的第一大城市波特蘭，是俄勒岡州大學體系中規模最大、文化最豐富且僅此一個位於城市中心的大學，在繼續教育及實踐方面為全國的先驅。
地理位置：美國俄勒岡州波特蘭市
可申請專業：經濟、傳媒、工商管理、數學
最低申請要求：GPA2.25、可零托福申請
4.費舍爾學院
費舍爾學院位於波士頓的中心，在後海灣附近。是一所私立機構，授予學士學位及副學士學位，費舍爾學院也是ISN第17屆美國名校招生面試會參展院校之一。學院坐落在燈塔街在波士頓後灣附近。學院是新英格蘭學校和學院協會（NEASC）認可。
地理位置：美國波士頓的中心
可申請專業：MBA
最低申請要求：GPA2.5、托福61/雅思6.0、總學分120以上
5.紐約理工學院
美國紐約理工大學，是一所成立於1955年的非盈利性的教育機構，也是美國著名的理工學府之一，現有學生一萬多名，分布於紐約市中心曼哈頓、長島、佛州等校區。該校碩士學位課程之畢業生，在北美就業市場非常具有影響力，且在個人事業發展上均有顯著的成就，在北美如AT&T、IBM、GENERAL MOTORS、GERNERAL ELECTRIC等各大型企業均可找到NYIT的畢業生活躍的身影。
地理位置：美國紐約
可申請專業：EMBA
最低申請要求：GPA2.0、可零托福申請
6.南新罕布希爾大學
南新罕布希爾大學成立於1932年，學校位於美國新罕布希爾州曼徹斯特市，以穩定的教學和企業間的卓越關系而著稱，連續多年被美國知名雜志US News and World Report評為北部一級大學。擁有社區經濟發展學院、文學院、商學院及教育學院，為學生提供從副學士學位到博士學位涵蓋教育、商業、文科和旅遊管理等領域50多個專業的課程。
地理位置：美國新罕布希爾州曼徹斯特市，距波士頓1小時車程
可申請專業：工商管理、傳媒、計算機信息技術、創意寫作與英語、游戲藝術與開發、平面設計與媒體藝術、歷史、法律與政治、心理學、數學、社會學
最低申請要求：GPA3.0、可零托福申請、要求有90個可轉學分
7.蒂芬大學
成立於1888年的蒂芬大學，是一所私立大學。蒂芬大學是一所被世界廣泛認可的高等教育學府，學校設有三個學院：人文和科學學院、商學院、刑法和社科學院。
地理位置：美國俄亥俄州蒂芬市，距離俄亥俄州的克利夫蘭市及哥倫比亞市兩小時車程
可申請專業：MBA
最低申請要求：GPA2.5、可零托福申請