A. 求一篇與國際貿易相關的英文文章
國際貿易International trade is the exchange of capital, goods and services across international boundaries or territories.[1] In most countries, it represents a significant share of GDP. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Instrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services proced within their own borders.
International trade is in principle not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade does not change fundamentally depending on whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs e to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or a different culture.
Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of proction such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of proction. Then trade in good and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of proction. Instead of importing the factor of proction a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of proction and are thus embodying the respective factor. An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing Chinese labor the United States is importing goods from China that were proced with Chinese labor.
International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics.
Models
Several different models have been proposed to predict patterns of trade and to analyze the effects of trade policies such as tariffs.
[edit] Ricardian model
Main article: Ricardian model
The Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage and is perhaps the most important concept in international trade theory. In a Ricardian model, countries specialize in procing what they proce best. Unlike other models, the Ricardian framework predicts that countries will fully specialize instead of procing a broad array of goods. Also, the Ricardian model does not directly consider factor endowments, such as the relative amounts of labor and capital within a country.
[edit] Heckscher-Ohlin model
Main article: Heckscher-Ohlin model
The Heckscher-Ohlin model was proced as an alternative to the Ricardian model of basic comparative advantage. Despite its greater complexity it did not prove much more accurate in its predictions. However from a theoretical point of view it did provide an elegant solution by incorporating the neoclassical price mechanism into international trade theory.
The theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments. It predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce. Empirical problems with the H-O model, known as the Leontief paradox, were exposed in empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States tended to export labor intensive goods despite having a capital abundance.
[edit] Specific factors model
In this model, labour mobility between instries is possible while capital is immobile between instries in the short-run. Thus, this model can be interpreted as a 'short run' version of the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The specific factors name refers to the given that in the short-run specific factors of proction, such as physical capital, are not easily transferable between instries. The theory suggests that if there is an increase in the price of a good, the owners of the factor of proction specific to that good will profit in real terms. Additionally, owners of opposing specific factors of proction (i.e. labour and capital) are likely to have opposing agendas when lobbying for controls over immigration of labour. Conversely, both owners of capital and labour profit in real terms from an increase in the capital endowment. This model is ideal for particular instries. This model is ideal for understanding income distribution but awkward for discussing the pattern of trade!
[edit] New Trade Theory
Main article: New Trade Theory
New Trade theory tries to explain several facts about trade, which the two main models above have difficulty with. These include the fact that most trade is between countries with similar factor endowment and proctivity levels, and the large amount of multinational proction (ie foreign direct investment) which exists. In one example of this framework, the economy exhibits monopolistic competition, and increasing returns to scale.
[edit] Gravity model
Main article: Gravity model of trade
The Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns rather than the more theoretical models discussed above. The gravity model, in its basic form, predicts trade based on the distance between countries and the interaction of the countries' economic sizes. The model mimics the Newtonian law of gravity which also considers distance and physical size between two objects. The model has been proven to be empirically strong through econometric analysis. Other factors such as income level, diplomatic relationships between countries, and trade policies are also included in expanded versions of the model.
[edit] Regulation of international trade
Traditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two nations. For centuries under the belief in Mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international trade. In the 19th century, especially in Britain, a belief in free trade became paramount. This belief became the dominant thinking among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy coincided with the general decline of Great Britain. In the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like the GATT and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade structure. These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and discontent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually beneficial.
Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations, though they often engage in selective protectionism for those instries which are strategically important such as the protective tariffs applied to agriculture by the United States and Europe. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However, many other countries (such as India, China and Russia) are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful themselves. As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade facilitation. The latter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs proceres.
Traditionally agricultural interests are usually in favour of free trade while manufacturing sectors often support protectionism. This has changed somewhat in recent years, however. In fact, agricultural lobbies, particularly in the United States, Europe and Japan, are chiefly responsible for particular rules in the major international trade treaties which allow for more protectionist measures in agriculture than for most other goods and services.
During recessions there is often strong domestic pressure to increase tariffs to protect domestic instries. This occurred around the world ring the Great Depression. Many economists have attempted to portray tariffs as the underlining reason behind the collapse in world trade that many believe seriously deepened the depression.
The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 independent states. The 2005 Buenos Aires talks on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed largely e to opposition from the populations of Latin American nations. Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent years.
[edit] Risks in international trade
The risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups
[edit] Economic risks
Risk of insolvency of the buyer,
Risk of protracted default - the failure of the buyer to pay the amount e within six months after the e date
Risk of non-acceptance
Surrendering economic sovereignty
Risk of Exchange rate
[edit] Political risks
Risk of cancellation or non-renewal of export or import licences
War risks
Risk of expropriation or confiscation of the importer's company
Risk of the imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goods
Transfer risk - imposition of exchange controls by the importer's country or foreign currency shortages
Surrendering political sovereignty
Influence of political parties in importer's company
B. 求一篇有關國際貿易的英文版論文
Investment
liberalization
and
international
trade
Abstract
This
paper
estimates
the
cross-price
elasticity
of
exports
with
respect
to
investment
costs
for
bilateral
relations
between
36
countries.
We
show
that
the
effect
of
recing
foreign
direct
investment
costs
on
exports
depends
on
country
characteristics
and
trade
costs
as
predicted
by
the
[Markusen,
1997
and
Markusen,
2002]
model.
When
countries
differ
in
relative
factor
endowments
and
trade
costs
are
low,
investment
liberalization
stimulates
exports,
whereas
when
countries
are
similar
in
terms
of
relative
factor
endowments
and
size,
and
trade
costs
are
moderate
to
high,
investment
liberalization
reces
exports.
Author
Keywords:
Exports;
Foreign
direct
investment;
International
trade;
Investment
costs;
Investment
liberalization
-----------
是一個PDF,你看看摘要,覺得可以我傳你.
還有很多,反正就是關於international
trade..
C. 求關於國際貿易英文文獻（急急急）在線等候
淺探當代國際貿易新理論對我國對外貿易戰略的啟示
在我國對外貿易規模不斷擴大的今天，要想提高我國的國際競爭力，必須重視國際上20世紀70年代以後興起的國際貿易新理論，實施創新的對外貿易戰略，打造具有國際競爭優勢的產業。本文通過研究當代國際貿易理論的新發展對我國外貿發展的啟示，分析探討了我國應該如何制定相應的政策，採取相應的對策來促進我國對外貿易的發展。
一、當代國際貿易理論的新進展
二戰後隨著科學技術的進步和生產力的不斷發展，國際貿易的規模、商品結構和地區分布也發生了很大變化。經濟學家在國際貿易理論研究中不斷探索，20世紀70年代以來先後出現的影響較大的國際貿易新理論有以下幾種：
1、戰略性貿易政策理論
戰略性貿易政策理論產生於2O世紀7O年代以來「新貿易保護主義」盛行的背景之下，由美國經濟學家保羅·克魯格曼等人於2O世紀8O年代中期提出，主要內容包括兩方面：（1）以內部規模經濟為基礎的利潤轉移理論；（2）以外部規模經濟為基礎的外部經濟理論。
2、產業內貿易理論
20世紀70年代格魯貝爾和勞埃德等人開創了產業內貿易理論研究，到20世紀80年代初美國經濟學家克魯格曼進一步推動了這一理論的發展。該理論不同於側重論述產業間貿易的傳統貿易理論，代寫畢業論文它側重研究貿易雙方在同一產業中既出口又進口同類異質產品的產業內貿易。在不完全競爭產業中，規模經濟和產品差異是產業內貿易形成的決定因素。
3、產品生命周期理論
產品生命周期理論由美國銷售學家弗農於1966年首先提出，經威爾斯、赫希哲等人不斷完善。產品生命周期理論認為，由於技術創新和擴散，製成品和生物一樣具有生命周期。產品生命周期包括五個階段：(1)新生期；(2)成長期；(3)成熟期；(4)銷售下降期；(5)讓與期。
4、國家競爭優勢理論
20世紀80年代以來，美國哈佛大學的邁克爾·波特提出並完善了國家競爭優勢理論。國家競爭優勢理論與傳統比較優勢理論和要素稟賦理論不同之處在於，該理論認為一個國家之所以能夠興旺發達，其根本原因在於該國的國際競爭優勢，這種競爭優勢源於一個相互增強的系統，在這個系統中，有四個關鍵因素影響一國在國際市場上建立和保持競爭優勢的能力，這四個因素是：(1)生產要素；(2)國內需求；(3)相關產業；(4)企業戰略、組織和競爭度。
二、當代國際貿易新理論對我國對外貿易戰略的啟示
1、積極轉化國家的競爭優勢
比較優勢是由一國資源稟賦和交易條件所決定的靜態優勢，是獲取競爭優勢的條件。競爭優勢則是一種將潛在優勢轉化為現實優勢的綜合能力的作用結果。比較優勢作為一種潛在優勢，只有最終轉化為競爭優勢，才能形成真正的出口競爭力。根據生產要素稟賦，我國一直以來具有勞動力資源的比較優勢，但是，在當今國際市場上勞動密集型產品的比較優勢並不一定具有國際競爭優勢。要確立把比較優勢轉換為競爭優勢的外貿戰略。
2、高新技術產業發展至關重要
由國際產品生命周期理論可以推知：創新國是國際貿易利益的最大獲益者。這是因為：在產品的新生期和成長期，創新國以其技術優勢壟斷了國內和國際市場，因而可以獲得大量超額壟斷利潤；在產品的成熟期進入所謂的「大規模生產」階段，創新國可以獲得巨額規模經濟效益；在產品的銷售下降期和讓與期，創新國在國外投資建廠，輸出其知識產權和品牌，延長其產品的生命周期，在國際市場上繼續賺取利潤。
3、發展高層次產業內貿易是提高對外貿易競爭力的重要手段
隨著國際經濟貿易的發展，產業內貿易在給各貿易國帶來貿易利益的同時，
Probe into New Theory of International Trade Implications of China Foreign Trade Strategy
Growing scale of foreign trade in China today, in order to enhance China's international competitiveness, must pay attention to the international community 70 years after the 20th century Xingqi new theory of international trade, the implementation of the Duiwaimaoyi innovation strategy, create an international competitive advantage in the instry. This paper studies the contemporary new development of international trade theory enlightenment for the development of China's foreign trade, analysis of how China should formulate corresponding policies and take corresponding measures to promote the development of China's foreign trade.
First, the contemporary theory of international trade, new progress
After World War II with the scientific and technological progress and proctivity of the continuous development of international trade size, structure and regional distribution of goods, great changes have taken place. Theory of international trade economist and continuously explore the 20th century, has emerged since the 70's influential new theory of international trade, the following:
1, Strategic Trade Policy
Strategic trade policy arise from 7O 2O century since the "new trade protectionism," the prevalence of background, the U.S. economist Paul Krugman, who in the mid 8O 2O century, proposed, mainly including two aspects : (1) internal economies of scale-based theory of profit transfer; (2) based on external economies of scale external economic theory.
2, intra-instry trade theory
20th century 70s Grubel and Lloyd, who created the instry trade theory, to the early 20th century U.S. economist Paul Krugman of 80 to further promote the development of this theory. The theory is different from the focus on inter-instry trade paper the traditional trade theory, on behalf of my thesis research is focused on trade, both sides in the same instry, the export of procts they import the same heterogeneous instry trade. Not perfectly competitive instries, economies of scale and proct differentiation is the formation of intra-instry trade determinants.
3, the proct life cycle theory
Proct life cycle theory Sales Vernon by the United States first proposed in 1966 by Prince, He Xizhe and others improved. Proct life cycle theory, as technological innovation and diffusion, and biological procts, like life-cycle. Proct life cycle consists of five stages: (1) Neonatal; (2) growth stage; (3) maturity; (4) decline of sales; (5) for and on.
4, Competitive Advantage of Nations
Since the 80s of the 20th century, Harvard's Michael Porter and improve the Competitive Advantage of Nations. Competitive Advantage of Nations and the traditional theory of comparative advantage and factor endowments theory of difference is, the theory that a country has been able to flourish, and the fundamental reason is the country's international competitive advantage, this competitive advantage derived from a mutually reinforcing system, in this system, there are four key factors that affect a country in the international market, establish and maintain a competitive edge in the ability of these four factors are: (1) factors of proction; (2) domestic demand; (3) related instries ; (4) business strategy, organizational and competitive degree.
Second, the contemporary theory of international trade on China's foreign trade strategy for new inspiration
1, the positive transformation of the national competitive advantage
Comparative advantage in natural resources by a country and trading conditions determine the static strengths are the conditions for competitive advantage. Competitive advantage is a way to advantage the potential into real ability to effect the comprehensive results. Comparative advantage as a potential advantage, only the final into a competitive advantage, to form a real export competitiveness. According to the proction factor endowment, along with China's comparative advantage in labor resources, but in today's international market, the comparative advantage of labor-intensive procts do not necessarily have an international competitive advantage. To establish the comparative advantages into competitive advantages in foreign trade strategy.
2, high-tech instries vital to the development
By the international proct life cycle theory can be deced: Innovation is the international trade interests of the country's biggest winners. This is because: the proct of Neonatal and growth, innovation and technical superiority of its state monopoly of domestic and international markets, and thus get a lot of excess monopoly profits; in proct maturity into the so-called "mass proction" stage, innovation States can get huge economies of scale; in proct sales were down period and give and of innovation invest and build factories in foreign countries, the output of its intellectual property and brand to extend its proct life Zhou Qi, in the international market continue to make a profit.
3, the development of high-level intra-instry trade is to improve the competitiveness of an important means of foreign trade
With the international economic and trade development, intra-instry trade in all trading nations to bring trade interests,
翻譯為：
D. 求國際貿易類 英文文獻及翻譯一篇,5000字左右
一、電子商務對國際貿易的影響1
（一） 電子商務的內涵與特點1
（二） 電子商務對國際貿易的影響6
二、中國發展電子商務的現狀及存在的問題11
（一）我國電子商務的發展現狀11
（二） 存在的問題12
（三） 中國對外貿易的重新定位15
三、中國利用電子商務促進對外貿易的策略17
（一） 電子商務在出口貿易中的效益體現17
（二）開拓新的國際市場要求發展無紙貿易17
（三）迎接挑戰的對策19
結論23
致謝24
參考文獻25
附錄一26
附錄二31
摘 要
在向信息經濟世界的轉變過程中，傳統商務由於存在太多的弊端，已經不能勝任現時條件下的貿易環境。電子商務作為網際網路技術發展日益成熟的直接結果，是未來商業發展的新方向。
電子商務（Electronic Commence）是一種以電子數據交換EDI和Internet網上交易為主要內容的全新商務模式。其體現的開放性、全球性、地域性、低成本和高效率等內在特徵，在符合商業經濟內在要求的同時，還使其超越了作為一種新的貿易形式所具有的價值。它不僅改變了企業本身的生產、經營、管理，而且對傳統的貿易方式帶來沖擊。其最明顯的標志就是增加了貿易機會、降低貿易成本、提高貿易效益。在帶動經濟結構變革的同時，對整個現代經濟生活產生了巨大而且深遠的影響。
對此，中國作為經濟正在發展的貿易大國，在電子商務的挑戰之下，要同時面對其帶來的壓力和機遇，進行自我調整，以求跟上其快速變革的步伐。要大力發展電子商務，在今後的貿易競爭中占據主動，應拿出自己的舉措，以贏得和發達國家站在同一起跑線上的機會。
關鍵詞 電子商務 數據交換 網際網路 國際貿易
Abstract
In the shifting to information economy, traditional commerce is out of the steps of time because of its lot shortcomings. As the direct result from the development of cyber internet technology, EC (Electronic Commerce) is the new direction of future business.
EC includes EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) and business on web. It is a definitely new business model. Its inner nature such as global, regional, low cost and high efficiency make it more valuable than its virtual value as a new business model. At the same time, it is also accord with demands from business. EC not only changes procing, management, but impact on traditional commerce model. The most obvious symbol is increase business opportunities, decrease of trading cost, and getting more business profits. It leads profound affection to the whole economic life when it changes economic structure.
China wants to be a great developing trading nation. It is necessary to act activity. We need making strategy to face EC, to face the impact, the pressure and chances in order to control our foreign business policies.
Justify by us in order to follow EC steps in developing. That is the right way for us to challenge with other developed countries.
Key word Electronic Commerce Electronic Data Interchange Internet
International trading
（三）中國對外貿易的重新定位
中國的貿易必須在世界貿易從傳統貿易向國際網路貿易轉化中重新為自己定位，就是使中國貿易從傳統貿易轉化為網路貿易。為此，我們要積極推進中國貿易從傳統貿易向國際網路貿易的革命性的轉化，這一推進要通過市場與政府有效結合的方式來進行。值得指出的是，中國已經初步地「嘗到了網路貿易的甜頭」，1998年1~5月份，中國的出口本來應該受亞洲貨幣金融危機的影響而有較大幅度的下降，但是，1998年1~5月份中國的外貿進出口卻保持著增長，據海關統計，1998年1~5月份，中國外貿進出口總值達1 236.9億美元，比去年同期增長5.4%，其中出口711.1億美元，增長8.6%，進口525.8%億美元，增長1.5%，其中一個重要的決定因素就是，中國在1998年的春季廣交會上，利用互聯網向全球2 000多家外商發出了電子郵件，這使得在東南亞金融危機後的這次廣交會的出席人數達6.5萬人，為歷年廣交會人數最多的一次。在這次廣交會上，中國同東南亞和韓國達成的交易額下降了60%，而同歐洲、美洲、中東、非洲的交易額則增長20%~30%。佔中國出口四成的本次廣交會出口成交額比上年增長10%以上。據海關統計，1998年1~4月份，中國對亞洲出口增長4.8%，對亞洲出口的比重比去年同期下降了4.6%，而對歐洲、美國、非洲、南美的出口卻分別增長了29.6%、22.7%、33.9%、40.1%，它們佔中國外貿出口的比重也有一定幅度的增加，很顯然，中國外貿的這一變化是與對國際互聯網電子郵件利用密切相關的。中國外經貿部宣布「中國商品市場」已於1998年7月8日正式進入網際網路，它將成為目前網際網路上最大的中國商品資料庫，向外商展示中國商品信息，這為許多企業進入網路，提供了新機會。這一「中國商品市場」就利用網路發布信息這一形式而言，與中國已有的在網路上建立站點發布信息的企業一樣。很明顯，對於它們都有或將有從發布信息，深化到銷售產品和以網路為基礎的企業業務往來、企業間培訓、客戶培訓、售後服務等商務活動的必要。這也是應該挖掘網路收益的一個取向，既要利用網路來捕捉更多的貿易機會，擴大市場的范圍，又要通過網路來使得比較優勢和競爭優勢升級。另外，一定要注意網路安全問題。還有，也是至關重要的，中國應對網路貿易立法，且對已存在的對外貿易法進行修改。有理由相信，隨著中國外貿逐步地從傳統貿易轉化為網路貿易，中國網路貿易的發展必然使中國的貿易呈現出一種新的局面.
英文是:
With economic development and the progress of the times, people of the original concept of marriage constantly being challenged, while the concept of legal system is further strengthened. Due to various reasons, divorce cases each year are on the rise, the husband and wife in a divorce case and deal with common property that has become increasingly difficult, reflected by the status of more and more important, it has a bearing on social stability and unity, and economic construction can proceed smoothly. Debt Settlement of joint processing and housing is dealt with divorce, division of property compared the two main issues, the 2001 Marriage Law, promulgated and implemented the new sound of the old Marriage Law of the many deficiencies, but its institutional division of property in a divorce there are still some shortcomings. Therefore, the perfect family property system and properly handle the divorce, division of matrimonial property has strong practical significance.
E. 求2~3篇的關於國際貿易的英文文章~~謝謝
International trade is the exchange of capital, goods and services across international boundaries or territories.[1] In most countries, it represents a significant share of GDP. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Instrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services proced within their own borders.
International trade is in principle not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade does not change fundamentally depending on whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs e to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or a different culture.
Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of proction such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of proction. Then trade in good and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of proction. Instead of importing the factor of proction a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of proction and are thus embodying the respective factor. An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing Chinese labor the United States is importing goods from China that were proced with Chinese labor.
International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics.
Models
Several different models have been proposed to predict patterns of trade and to analyze the effects of trade policies such as tariffs.
[edit] Ricardian model
Main article: Ricardian model
The Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage and is perhaps the most important concept in international trade theory. In a Ricardian model, countries specialize in procing what they proce best. Unlike other models, the Ricardian framework predicts that countries will fully specialize instead of procing a broad array of goods. Also, the Ricardian model does not directly consider factor endowments, such as the relative amounts of labor and capital within a country.
[edit] Heckscher-Ohlin model
Main article: Heckscher-Ohlin model
The Heckscher-Ohlin model was proced as an alternative to the Ricardian model of basic comparative advantage. Despite its greater complexity it did not prove much more accurate in its predictions. However from a theoretical point of view it did provide an elegant solution by incorporating the neoclassical price mechanism into international trade theory.
The theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments. It predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce. Empirical problems with the H-O model, known as the Leontief paradox, were exposed in empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States tended to export labor intensive goods despite having a capital abundance.
[edit] Specific factors model
In this model, labour mobility between instries is possible while capital is immobile between instries in the short-run. Thus, this model can be interpreted as a 'short run' version of the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The specific factors name refers to the given that in the short-run specific factors of proction, such as physical capital, are not easily transferable between instries. The theory suggests that if there is an increase in the price of a good, the owners of the factor of proction specific to that good will profit in real terms. Additionally, owners of opposing specific factors of proction (i.e. labour and capital) are likely to have opposing agendas when lobbying for controls over immigration of labour. Conversely, both owners of capital and labour profit in real terms from an increase in the capital endowment. This model is ideal for particular instries. This model is ideal for understanding income distribution but awkward for discussing the pattern of trade!
[edit] New Trade Theory
Main article: New Trade Theory
New Trade theory tries to explain several facts about trade, which the two main models above have difficulty with. These include the fact that most trade is between countries with similar factor endowment and proctivity levels, and the large amount of multinational proction (ie foreign direct investment) which exists. In one example of this framework, the economy exhibits monopolistic competition, and increasing returns to scale.
[edit] Gravity model
Main article: Gravity model of trade
The Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns rather than the more theoretical models discussed above. The gravity model, in its basic form, predicts trade based on the distance between countries and the interaction of the countries' economic sizes. The model mimics the Newtonian law of gravity which also considers distance and physical size between two objects. The model has been proven to be empirically strong through econometric analysis. Other factors such as income level, diplomatic relationships between countries, and trade policies are also included in expanded versions of the model.
[edit] Regulation of international trade
Traditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two nations. For centuries under the belief in Mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international trade. In the 19th century, especially in Britain, a belief in free trade became paramount. This belief became the dominant thinking among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy coincided with the general decline of Great Britain. In the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like the GATT and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade structure. These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and discontent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually beneficial.
Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations, though they often engage in selective protectionism for those instries which are strategically important such as the protective tariffs applied to agriculture by the United States and Europe. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However, many other countries (such as India, China and Russia) are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful themselves. As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade facilitation. The latter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs proceres.
Traditionally agricultural interests are usually in favour of free trade while manufacturing sectors often support protectionism. This has changed somewhat in recent years, however. In fact, agricultural lobbies, particularly in the United States, Europe and Japan, are chiefly responsible for particular rules in the major international trade treaties which allow for more protectionist measures in agriculture than for most other goods and services.
During recessions there is often strong domestic pressure to increase tariffs to protect domestic instries. This occurred around the world ring the Great Depression. Many economists have attempted to portray tariffs as the underlining reason behind the collapse in world trade that many believe seriously deepened the depression.
The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 independent states. The 2005 Buenos Aires talks on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed largely e to opposition from the populations of Latin American nations. Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent years.
[edit] Risks in international trade
The risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups
F. 國際貿易類的英文文獻翻譯成中文,有沒有人能幫忙的非常急!
你得破點財了
如果你要求不高的話,我隨便幫你做了,但質量不保證
G. 急求一篇國際貿易的英語論文,高手進
As the economic role of multinational， corpora-tions expands，the international economic environment will be shaped increasingly not by governments or international institutions，but by the interaction between governments and global corporations， especially in the United States，Europe，and Japan. A significant factor in this shifting world economy is the trend toward regional trading biocs of nations，which has a potentially large effect on the evolution of the world trading system. Two examples of this trend are the United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement （FTA）and Europe 1992，the move by the European Community （EC）to dismantle impediments to the free flow of goods，services，capital，and labor among member states by the end of 1992. However， although numerous political and economic factors were operative in launching the move to integrate the EC『s markets，concern about protectionism within the EC does not appear to have been a major consideration. This is in sharp contrast to the FTA，the overwhelming reason for that bilateral initiative was fear of increasing United States protectionism. None-theless，although markedly different in origin and nature，both regional developments are highly significant in that they will foster integration in the two largest and richest markets of the world，as well as provoke questions about the future direction of the world trading system.
H. 求一篇有國際貿易類的英文文獻
What Is International Trade?
If you walk into a supermarket and are able to buy South American bananas, Brazilian coffee and a bottle of South African wine, you are experiencing the effects of international trade.
International trade allows us to expand our markets for both goods and services that otherwise may not have been available to us. It is the reason why you can pick between a Japanese, German and American car. As a result of international trade, the market contains greater competition and therefore more competitive prices, which bring a cheaper proct home to the consumer.
What Is International Trade?
International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. This type of trade gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global events. Political change in Asia, for example, could result in an increase in the cost of labor, thereby increasing the manufacturing costs for an American sneaker company based in Malaysia, which would then result in an increase in the price that you have to pay to buy the tennis shoes at your local mall. A decrease in the cost of labor, on the other hand, would result in you having to pay less for your new shoes.
Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries. Almost every kind of proct can be found on the international market: food, clothes, spare parts, oil, jewelry, wine, stocks, currencies and water. Services are also traded: tourism, banking, consulting and transportation. A proct that is sold to the global market is an export, and a proct that is bought from the global market is an import. Imports and exports are accounted for in a country's current account in the balance of payments. (For more on this, see the articles What Is The Balance Of Payments? and Understanding The Current Account In The Balance Of Payments.)
Increased Efficiency of Trading Globally
Global trade allows wealthy countries to use their resources - whether labor, technology or capital - more efficiently. Because countries are endowed with different assets and natural resources (land, labor, capital and technology), some countries may proce the same good more efficiently and therefore sell it more cheaply than other countries. If a country cannot efficiently proce an item, it can obtain the item by trading with another country that can. This is known as specialization in international trade.
Let's take a simple example. Country A and Country B both proce cotton sweaters and wine. Country A proces 10 sweaters and six bottles of wine a year while Country B proces six sweaters and 10 bottles of wine a year. Both can proce a total of 16 units. Country A, however, takes three hours to proce the 10 sweaters and two hours to proce the six bottles of wine (total of five hours). Country B, on the other hand, takes one hour to proce 10 sweaters and three hours to proce six bottles of wine (total of four hours).
But these two countries realize that they could proce more by focusing on those procts with which they have a comparative advantage. Country A then begins to proce only wine and Country B proces only cotton sweaters. Each country can now create a specialized output of 20 units per year and trade equal proportions of both procts. As such, each country now has access to 20 units of both procts.
We can see then that for both countries, the opportunity cost of procing both procts is greater than the cost of specializing. More specifically, for each country, the opportunity cost of procing 16 units of both sweaters and wine is 20 units of both procts (after trading). Specialization reces their opportunity cost and therefore maximizes their efficiency in acquiring the goods they need. With the greater supply, the price of each proct would decrease, thus giving an advantage to the end consumer as well.
Note that, in the example above, Country B could proce both wine and cotton more efficiently than Country A (less time). This is called an absolute advantage, and Country B may have it because of a higher level of technology. However, according to international trade theory, even if a country has an absolute advantage over another, it can still benefit from specialization. (For a review of some of these economic concepts, see the Economics Basics tutorial.)
Other Possible Benefits of Trading Globally
International trade not only results in increased efficiency but also allows countries to participate in a global economy, encouraging the opportunity of foreign direct investment (FDI), which is the amount of money that indivials invest into foreign companies and other assets. In theory, economies can therefore grow more efficiently and can more easily become competitive economic participants.
For the receiving government, FDI is a means by which foreign currency and expertise can enter the country. These raise employment levels and, theoretically, lead to a growth in the gross domestic proct. For the investor, FDI offers company expansion and growth, which means higher revenues.
Free Trade vs. Protectionism
As with other theories, there are opposing views. International trade has two contrasting views regarding the level of control placed on trade: free trade and protectionism. Free trade is the simpler of the two theories: a laissez-faire approach, with no restrictions on trade. The main idea is that supply and demand factors, operating on a global scale, will ensure that proction happens efficiently. Therefore, nothing needs to be done to protect or promote trade and growth because market forces will do so automatically.
In contrast, protectionism holds that regulation of international trade is important to ensure that markets function properly. Advocates of this theory believe that market inefficiencies may hamper the benefits of international trade and they aim to guide the market accordingly. Protectionism exists in many different forms, but the most common are tariffs, subsidies and quotas. These strategies attempt to correct any inefficiency in the international market.
Conclusion
As it opens up the opportunity for specialization and therefore more efficient use of resources, international trade has potential to maximize a country's capacity to proce and acquire goods. Opponents of global free trade have argued, however, that international trade still allows for inefficiencies that leave developing nations compromised. What is certain is that the global economy is in a state of continual change and, as it develops, so too must all of its participants.
如果你走進超市，並能買到南美香蕉，巴西咖啡和一瓶南非葡萄酒，您所遇到的影響國際貿易。
國際貿易使我們能夠擴大我們的市場，商品和服務，否則可能沒有提供給我們。這就是為什麼您可以挑選之間日語，德語和美國車。由於國際貿易，市場包含更大的競爭，因此更具有競爭力的價格，由此帶來更便宜的產品提供給消費者。
什麼是國際貿易？
國際貿易是交流之間的貨物和服務的國家。這種類型的貿易引起了世界經濟，在這種價格或供應和需求，影響和影響的全球性活動。政治變化，例如，亞洲可能會導致成本增加的勞動力，從而增加了生產成本為美國的耐克公司總部設在馬來西亞，然後導致價格上升，你不得不花錢購買在網球鞋在您當地的商場。在減少的勞動力成本，另一方面，將導致您不需要支付較少為您的新鞋。
貿易在全球范圍和國家為消費者提供的機會接觸到商品和服務不提供在自己的國家。幾乎每一種產品可以在國際市場：食品，衣服，零件，石油，珠寶，葡萄酒，股票，貨幣和水。服務也是交易：旅遊，金融，咨詢和運輸。產品銷往全球市場的出口，和一種產品，是購買的全球市場是一個進口。進口和出口都是以一國的經常賬戶的國際收支。 （欲了解更多關於這個，請參閱文章什麼是國際收支平衡？和了解目前帳戶收支平衡。 ）
提高效率，在全球范圍內的交易
全球貿易允許富裕國家利用它們的資源-無論是勞動，技術或資本-更有效率。由於國家賦予了不同的資產和自然資源（土地，勞動力，資本和技術），一些國家可能產生同樣的好，因此更有效地銷售更便宜比其他國家。如果一個國家不能有效地產生一個項目，它可以取得該項目的貿易與其他國家可以。這就是所謂的專業化的國際貿易。
讓我們來一個簡單的例子。 A國和乙國毛衣都生產棉花和葡萄酒。 A國生產10毛衣和六瓶葡萄酒，而乙國生產6毛衣和10瓶葡萄酒一年。既可以產生，共有16個單位。 A國，但是，需要3個小時生產10毛衣和兩小時內產生的6瓶葡萄酒（共5個小時） 。 B國，另一方面，需要一小時生產10毛衣和三個小時的生產六瓶葡萄酒（共4個小時） 。
但是這兩個國家認識到，他們可以生產更多的是側重於這些產品，他們具有相對優勢。 A國然後開始只生產葡萄酒和乙國只生產棉花毛衣。每個國家現在可以創建一個專門的產出20個單位，每年的貿易同等比例的兩種產品。因此，每個國家現在已進入20個單位的這兩種產品。
我們可以看到那兩個國家的機會成本，生產這兩種產品是大於成本的專業。更具體而言，每個國家的機會成本，生產16單位都毛衣和葡萄酒為20單位的兩種產品（交易）。專業化降低其機會成本，因此，最大限度地提高其效率獲取他們所需要的貨物。隨著更多的供應，每個產品的價格將下降，從而有利於最終消費者以及。
請注意，在上面的例子中，國家B可以同時生產葡萄酒和棉花比國家更有效的（更少的時間）。這就是所謂的絕對優勢，乙國可能是因為較高的技術水平。然而，根據國際貿易理論，即使一個國家擁有絕對優勢，另外，它仍然可以受益於專業化。（審查其中的一些經濟概念，請參閱經濟學基礎知識教程。 ）
其他可能的好處的交易在全球范圍內
國際貿易的結果，不僅提高了效率，而且也使國家參與全球經濟，鼓勵的機會，外國直接投資（ FDI ） ，這是的金額，個人投資於外國公司和其他資產。從理論上講，經濟增長因此可以更有效，也更容易成為有競爭力的經濟參與者。
為接受政府，外國直接投資是一種手段，外匯和專門知識可以進入該國。這些提高就業水平，從理論上講，導致經濟增長在國內生產總值。為投資者，外國直接投資提供了公司擴張和增長，這意味著更高的收入。
自由貿易與保護主義
至於其他的理論，有反對意見。國際貿易有兩種截然不同的看法程度的控制放在貿易：自由貿易和保護主義。自由貿易是簡單的兩種理論：一種放任自流的方式，沒有任何的貿易限制。主要的想法是，供應和需求的因素，在全球范圍經營，將確保發生生產效率。因此，沒有什麼需要做，以保護或促進貿易和市場力量的增長，因為這樣做將自動。
與此相反，保護主義認為調節國際貿易重要的是要確保市場的正常運作。主張這一理論認為，市場的低效率可能妨礙國際貿易的利益，他們的目的是引導市場相應。保護主義存在於許多不同的形式，但最常見的是關稅，補貼和配額。這些戰略企圖，以糾正任何效率不高在國際市場上。
結論
因為它開辟了專門的機會，因此更有效地利用資源，國際貿易的潛力最大限度地發揮一個國家的能力，以生產和收購貨物。反對者的全球自由貿易的主張，但是，國際貿易仍然允許效率低下離開發展中國家的損害。可以肯定的是，全球經濟正處於不斷的變化，因為它的發展，也必須在其所有與會者。
I. 關於國際貿易的英語論文 急！
Protectionism Doesn't Pay The global financial crisis is no doubt a catalyst for trade protectionism. As the world economy deteriorates, some countries try to boost growth prospects by erecting trade barriers. China calls on these governments not to replay history and revert to protectionism and economic isolationism.
Previous global economic crises were usually accompanied by frequent trade disputes. The United States' erection of large-scale tariffs in 1930, for example, triggered a retaliatory global trade war. During the two oil shocks in the 1970s and 1980s, trade frictions emerged when major economies attempted to increase exports by depreciating their currencies. And in the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, there was a notable uptick in antimping actions, countervailing ties and other protectionist measures.
The financial crisis is now spilling over into the real economy, hitting sectors like manufacturing and services. In almost all countries, factories are closing and unemployment is rising, creating political pressure and social problems. More and more governments are strengthening intervention in their economies under the excuse of 'economic security' and protecting vulnerable domestic instries to curb imports from other countries, especially those in emerging markets.
Trade protectionism differs from legally acceptable measures to protect trade. It is an abuse of remedies provided by multilateral trade rules. This kind of protectionism is morphing into more complex and disguised forms, ranging from conventional tariff and nontariff barriers to technical barriers to trade, instry standards and instry protectionism.
With the economic crisis worsening, caution must be taken even in employing trade protection measures consistent with World Trade Organization rules. At the Group of 20 Financial Summit in November 2008, world leaders called for countries to resist trade protectionism and committed themselves to refraining from erecting new barriers to trade and investment, a message strongly echoed by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit at the end of last year, and the World Economic Forum held in Davos last month.
History tells us that trade protection measures hurt not only other countries, but eventually the country that erected that trade barrier in the first place.
To counter the Great Depression, the U.S. adopted the Smoot-Hawley Act in 1930, which raised import ties of over 20,000 foreign procts significantly and provoked protectionist retaliation from other countries. Faced with that crisis, other countries pursued beggar-thy-neighbor policies that slashed global trade volumes from $36 billion in 1929 to $12 billion in 1932. Among the victims, not the least was the U.S. itself, where exports shrank from $5.2 billion in 1929 to $1.2 billion in 1932. Even in the U.S., the Smoot-Hawley Act was widely believed to be a catalyst that aggravated the effects of Great Depression.
Global trade is now in dire straits. Thanks to shrinking external demand caused by the economic crisis, major trading countries have seen their export growth tumble or have suffered huge contractions. Germany's exports dropped 10.6% in November 2008, compared to the same period the prior year -- the highest one-month drop since 1990. China also experienced negative export growth in November, and a 17.5% decline last month, when compared to the prior year. Protectionist policies would make things even worse and the consequences would be hard to predict.
In the heat of the crisis, it's critical that all countries refrain from pointing fingers at each other or pursuing their own interests at the expense of others. The financial crisis reflects a chronic illness resulting from global economic structural imbalance and financial risk accumulation, and there is no quick fix to this malady. The fundamental interest of every country is to step up consultation and cooperation and keep international trade smoothly flowing. Healthy international trade can help revive the world economy. During the Great Depression, the U.S. recovered from its economic woes because the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration implemented the New Deal and shunned protectionism.
Today's unprecedented financial crisis has inflicted a severe impact on China and other countries as well. China's economic growth has slowed, exports have plunged and unemployment pressure has mounted. Yet even so, China still firmly believes that trade protectionism isn't a solution to the world's problems. In 2008, amid a contraction in global trade, China imported $1.133 trillion worth of goods from countries around the world -- an 18.5% increase over the prior year. These imports are boosting the economic development of China's trading partners. Since the crisis broke out, the Chinese government has decisively put forward a series of measures aiming at stimulating domestic demand. Given the size and openness of our country, the growth in China's domestic markets can be translated into greater market potential and investment opportunities for other countries. This year China will continue to increase imports and send buying missions abroad for large-scale purchase of equipment, procts and technology.
China has always championed our mutually beneficial opening-up policy and advocated international economic cooperation. We maintain that the Doha Round of global trade negotiations should be taken forward in a way that meets the interests of members and complies with the multilateral trading system already established. China is ready to stand together with all nations in the world to face up to the challenges of today, tackle the financial crisis through cooperation and guide the world economy into a new period of prosperity.
貿易保護主義無法拯救世界經濟
對貿易保護主義來說，全球金融危機無疑是一針催化劑。近一時期，隨著全球經濟形勢惡化，一些國家自危、自利、自保傾向抬頭。有識之士為此感到憂慮，呼籲各國在出台經濟刺激計劃時，一定要防止貿易保護主義和經濟孤立主義的歷史重演。
歷次全球經濟危機往往都伴隨著貿易爭端的高發。1930年美國政府大范圍提高關稅，引發了全球范圍報復性貿易戰。上世紀七八十年代兩次石油危機時，主要國家放任貨幣貶值以擴大出口的作法引發了貿易摩擦。1997年亞洲金融危機之後，全球反傾銷、反補貼和保障措施案件明顯增多。
當前，金融危機已蔓延到製造業、服務業等實體經濟領域，各國工廠倒閉劇增，失業率上升，政治壓力和社會問題接踵而至。越來越多國家以「經濟安全」和保護本國虛弱產業為由加強政府對經濟的干預，阻撓其他國家特別是新興國家企業出口。
貿易保護主義不同於正當的貿易保護措施，它是對多邊貿易規則中救濟措施的濫用。從傳統的關稅和非關稅壁壘，到技術性貿易壁壘、行業標准等，以及產業保護主義，當前貿易保護主義的形式更加復雜多樣，隱蔽性更強。在危機加劇的背景下，即使符合WTO規則的保護措施也應慎用，這已成為各國共識。在2008年11月舉行的G20金融峰會上，各國領導人同聲呼籲抵制貿易保護主義，承諾在未來一年內，避免設置新的貿易和投資壁壘。年底的APEC領導人會議和今年初的世界經濟論壇達沃斯年會，再次發出了反對保護主義強音。
歷史是一面鏡子。任何針對他國的貿易保護舉措，不僅會損害對方，最終也會傷及自身。經驗告訴我們，大規模的貿易保護措施將使金融危機下本已嚴峻的經濟形勢更加困難。
1930年美國為了應對經濟危機，頒發了《斯姆特－霍利關稅法》，大幅提高超過2萬種外國商品的進口關稅，結果引起了其他國家的貿易保護主義報復。面對危機，各國以鄰為壑，全球貿易總額大幅縮減，從1929年的360億美元縮小到1932年的120億美元，美國自身也深受其害，出口總額從1929年的52億美元左右縮減到1932年的12億美元。這一法案即使在美國國內也被普遍認為是大蕭條加劇的催化劑。
如今全球貿易形勢已相當嚴峻：經濟危機導致外需衰退，各主要貿易國的出口增速已急劇下滑，甚至出現大幅萎縮。德國08年11月份出口額較前月大幅下滑10.6%，為1990年以來的最大單月降幅。中國08年11月以來出口連續出現負增長，其中09年1月出口下降了17.5%。如果未來貿易保護主義泛濫，使嚴峻的形勢雪上加霜，造成的後果很難預料。我們應該認真思索，這樣的後果世界能否承受，又是否值得承受？
危機當頭，重要的是各國攜手共克時艱，而非互相指責，以鄰為壑。金融危機是全球經濟結構失衡、金融風險積聚長期積累的結果，解決問題也不可能一蹴而就。當前加強磋商、增強合作，保持國際貿易渠道暢通，才符合各國的根本利益。國際貿易的健康發展，是推動世界經濟復甦的重要力量。當年羅斯福政府實行新政，與貿易保護主義決裂，帶領美國經濟走出低谷，推動了全球經濟的增長。
在這場前所未有的世界金融危機中，中國與其他國家一樣都受到嚴重沖擊。去年第三季度以來，經濟增速放緩，出口大幅下滑，就業壓力加大。即便如此，中國仍堅定認為，貿易保護主義是條死胡同。在全球貿易萎縮的情況下，2008年中國從各國進口11331億美元的商品，增長18.5％，促進了貿易夥伴的經濟發展。危機爆發以來，中國政府果斷出台了一系列擴大內需的措施。作為一個開放的大國，中國內需的提升可為其他國家提供更大的市場空間和更多的投資機會。今年，中國將繼續擴大進口，積極組織企業采購團，赴海外大規模采購，進口設備、商品和技術。
中國始終奉行互利共贏的開放戰略，倡導國際經濟合作。我們主張積極推進符合各國利益與多邊貿易體制的多哈回合談判。中國願與世界各國一道，以開放迎接挑戰，以合作應對危機，共克時艱，推動世界經濟走向新的繁榮。
J. 國際貿易英語論文500詞
同學，是用英語寫，還是用漢語呢？
這篇材料主要是說明國際貿易產生的原因，但是說實在的，這個原因應該算是赫克希爾-俄林的要素稟賦理論的簡略版吧，就是太通俗易懂不是理論層面的東西吧，你想要根據材料給的擴展一下呢，還是希望我幫你，從理論的角度分析一下呢？
What is international trade ? the general meaning is : buying and selling among countries,including import trade and export trade . in today』s world , no nation exists in economic isolation . the high degree of economic coorparation reflects the historical evolution of world』s economic and political order . then what are the force driving globalization ? the fist and perhaps most profound influnce is technological change : advances in transport technology have continued to bring people and enterprise closer together , the boundary of tradable goods and services has been greatly extended . also continuing liberalization of trade and investment has made for an ever more unencumbered policy environment for economic relations among nations. last but not least one : lower trade barriers and financial liberalization have allowed more and more companies to globalize proction structures through investment abroad ,which in turn has provided a future stimulus to trade .
as the <the wealth of nations > by adam smith said : the Exchange promote the division of labor, and vice versa. And the division of labour lead to the exchange between people.
then why world economic become more and more interdependence .according to factor-endowment theory and comparative difference , there are two factors : labor and capital .In defferent country , they have different endowments of factors . so the relative commodities require different intensities of the factor in their proction . in this situation the price of relative commodity is different , the country will export the commodity for which a large amount of relatively abundant inputs is used , and this commodity will be more commpative in the world trade .
trade and the distribution of income between the different nations : both partner gain from trade if countries specialize in what they are comparatively best at proction ,they must import goods and service that other countries proce best . for example brazilians supply coffee and americans supply wheat . the large proction will make it possilble for brazilian to gain by using revenues from their wheat sales to purchase american wheat .at the same time american will gain by doing the opposite ,by using the revenues from their wheat sales to purchase brazilian coffee. The american have comparative advantage in wheat protion and brazilians have comparative advantage in coffee protion .
同學，看看吧。應該可以了吧