⑴ 求一篇有國際貿易類的英文文獻
What Is International Trade?
If you walk into a supermarket and are able to buy South American bananas, Brazilian coffee and a bottle of South African wine, you are experiencing the effects of international trade.
International trade allows us to expand our markets for both goods and services that otherwise may not have been available to us. It is the reason why you can pick between a Japanese, German and American car. As a result of international trade, the market contains greater competition and therefore more competitive prices, which bring a cheaper proct home to the consumer.
What Is International Trade?
International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. This type of trade gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global events. Political change in Asia, for example, could result in an increase in the cost of labor, thereby increasing the manufacturing costs for an American sneaker company based in Malaysia, which would then result in an increase in the price that you have to pay to buy the tennis shoes at your local mall. A decrease in the cost of labor, on the other hand, would result in you having to pay less for your new shoes.
Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries. Almost every kind of proct can be found on the international market: food, clothes, spare parts, oil, jewelry, wine, stocks, currencies and water. Services are also traded: tourism, banking, consulting and transportation. A proct that is sold to the global market is an export, and a proct that is bought from the global market is an import. Imports and exports are accounted for in a country's current account in the balance of payments. (For more on this, see the articles What Is The Balance Of Payments? and Understanding The Current Account In The Balance Of Payments.)
Increased Efficiency of Trading Globally
Global trade allows wealthy countries to use their resources - whether labor, technology or capital - more efficiently. Because countries are endowed with different assets and natural resources (land, labor, capital and technology), some countries may proce the same good more efficiently and therefore sell it more cheaply than other countries. If a country cannot efficiently proce an item, it can obtain the item by trading with another country that can. This is known as specialization in international trade.
Let's take a simple example. Country A and Country B both proce cotton sweaters and wine. Country A proces 10 sweaters and six bottles of wine a year while Country B proces six sweaters and 10 bottles of wine a year. Both can proce a total of 16 units. Country A, however, takes three hours to proce the 10 sweaters and two hours to proce the six bottles of wine (total of five hours). Country B, on the other hand, takes one hour to proce 10 sweaters and three hours to proce six bottles of wine (total of four hours).
But these two countries realize that they could proce more by focusing on those procts with which they have a comparative advantage. Country A then begins to proce only wine and Country B proces only cotton sweaters. Each country can now create a specialized output of 20 units per year and trade equal proportions of both procts. As such, each country now has access to 20 units of both procts.
We can see then that for both countries, the opportunity cost of procing both procts is greater than the cost of specializing. More specifically, for each country, the opportunity cost of procing 16 units of both sweaters and wine is 20 units of both procts (after trading). Specialization reces their opportunity cost and therefore maximizes their efficiency in acquiring the goods they need. With the greater supply, the price of each proct would decrease, thus giving an advantage to the end consumer as well.
Note that, in the example above, Country B could proce both wine and cotton more efficiently than Country A (less time). This is called an absolute advantage, and Country B may have it because of a higher level of technology. However, according to international trade theory, even if a country has an absolute advantage over another, it can still benefit from specialization. (For a review of some of these economic concepts, see the Economics Basics tutorial.)
Other Possible Benefits of Trading Globally
International trade not only results in increased efficiency but also allows countries to participate in a global economy, encouraging the opportunity of foreign direct investment (FDI), which is the amount of money that indivials invest into foreign companies and other assets. In theory, economies can therefore grow more efficiently and can more easily become competitive economic participants.
For the receiving government, FDI is a means by which foreign currency and expertise can enter the country. These raise employment levels and, theoretically, lead to a growth in the gross domestic proct. For the investor, FDI offers company expansion and growth, which means higher revenues.
Free Trade vs. Protectionism
As with other theories, there are opposing views. International trade has two contrasting views regarding the level of control placed on trade: free trade and protectionism. Free trade is the simpler of the two theories: a laissez-faire approach, with no restrictions on trade. The main idea is that supply and demand factors, operating on a global scale, will ensure that proction happens efficiently. Therefore, nothing needs to be done to protect or promote trade and growth because market forces will do so automatically.
In contrast, protectionism holds that regulation of international trade is important to ensure that markets function properly. Advocates of this theory believe that market inefficiencies may hamper the benefits of international trade and they aim to guide the market accordingly. Protectionism exists in many different forms, but the most common are tariffs, subsidies and quotas. These strategies attempt to correct any inefficiency in the international market.
Conclusion
As it opens up the opportunity for specialization and therefore more efficient use of resources, international trade has potential to maximize a country's capacity to proce and acquire goods. Opponents of global free trade have argued, however, that international trade still allows for inefficiencies that leave developing nations compromised. What is certain is that the global economy is in a state of continual change and, as it develops, so too must all of its participants.
如果你走進超市，並能買到南美香蕉，巴西咖啡和一瓶南非葡萄酒，您所遇到的影響國際貿易。
國際貿易使我們能夠擴大我們的市場，商品和服務，否則可能沒有提供給我們。這就是為什麼您可以挑選之間日語，德語和美國車。由於國際貿易，市場包含更大的競爭，因此更具有競爭力的價格，由此帶來更便宜的產品提供給消費者。
什麼是國際貿易？
國際貿易是交流之間的貨物和服務的國家。這種類型的貿易引起了世界經濟，在這種價格或供應和需求，影響和影響的全球性活動。政治變化，例如，亞洲可能會導致成本增加的勞動力，從而增加了生產成本為美國的耐克公司總部設在馬來西亞，然後導致價格上升，你不得不花錢購買在網球鞋在您當地的商場。在減少的勞動力成本，另一方面，將導致您不需要支付較少為您的新鞋。
貿易在全球范圍和國家為消費者提供的機會接觸到商品和服務不提供在自己的國家。幾乎每一種產品可以在國際市場：食品，衣服，零件，石油，珠寶，葡萄酒，股票，貨幣和水。服務也是交易：旅遊，金融，咨詢和運輸。產品銷往全球市場的出口，和一種產品，是購買的全球市場是一個進口。進口和出口都是以一國的經常賬戶的國際收支。 （欲了解更多關於這個，請參閱文章什麼是國際收支平衡？和了解目前帳戶收支平衡。 ）
提高效率，在全球范圍內的交易
全球貿易允許富裕國家利用它們的資源-無論是勞動，技術或資本-更有效率。由於國家賦予了不同的資產和自然資源（土地，勞動力，資本和技術），一些國家可能產生同樣的好，因此更有效地銷售更便宜比其他國家。如果一個國家不能有效地產生一個項目，它可以取得該項目的貿易與其他國家可以。這就是所謂的專業化的國際貿易。
讓我們來一個簡單的例子。 A國和乙國毛衣都生產棉花和葡萄酒。 A國生產10毛衣和六瓶葡萄酒，而乙國生產6毛衣和10瓶葡萄酒一年。既可以產生，共有16個單位。 A國，但是，需要3個小時生產10毛衣和兩小時內產生的6瓶葡萄酒（共5個小時） 。 B國，另一方面，需要一小時生產10毛衣和三個小時的生產六瓶葡萄酒（共4個小時） 。
但是這兩個國家認識到，他們可以生產更多的是側重於這些產品，他們具有相對優勢。 A國然後開始只生產葡萄酒和乙國只生產棉花毛衣。每個國家現在可以創建一個專門的產出20個單位，每年的貿易同等比例的兩種產品。因此，每個國家現在已進入20個單位的這兩種產品。
我們可以看到那兩個國家的機會成本，生產這兩種產品是大於成本的專業。更具體而言，每個國家的機會成本，生產16單位都毛衣和葡萄酒為20單位的兩種產品（交易）。專業化降低其機會成本，因此，最大限度地提高其效率獲取他們所需要的貨物。隨著更多的供應，每個產品的價格將下降，從而有利於最終消費者以及。
請注意，在上面的例子中，國家B可以同時生產葡萄酒和棉花比國家更有效的（更少的時間）。這就是所謂的絕對優勢，乙國可能是因為較高的技術水平。然而，根據國際貿易理論，即使一個國家擁有絕對優勢，另外，它仍然可以受益於專業化。（審查其中的一些經濟概念，請參閱經濟學基礎知識教程。 ）
其他可能的好處的交易在全球范圍內
國際貿易的結果，不僅提高了效率，而且也使國家參與全球經濟，鼓勵的機會，外國直接投資（ FDI ） ，這是的金額，個人投資於外國公司和其他資產。從理論上講，經濟增長因此可以更有效，也更容易成為有競爭力的經濟參與者。
為接受政府，外國直接投資是一種手段，外匯和專門知識可以進入該國。這些提高就業水平，從理論上講，導致經濟增長在國內生產總值。為投資者，外國直接投資提供了公司擴張和增長，這意味著更高的收入。
自由貿易與保護主義
至於其他的理論，有反對意見。國際貿易有兩種截然不同的看法程度的控制放在貿易：自由貿易和保護主義。自由貿易是簡單的兩種理論：一種放任自流的方式，沒有任何的貿易限制。主要的想法是，供應和需求的因素，在全球范圍經營，將確保發生生產效率。因此，沒有什麼需要做，以保護或促進貿易和市場力量的增長，因為這樣做將自動。
與此相反，保護主義認為調節國際貿易重要的是要確保市場的正常運作。主張這一理論認為，市場的低效率可能妨礙國際貿易的利益，他們的目的是引導市場相應。保護主義存在於許多不同的形式，但最常見的是關稅，補貼和配額。這些戰略企圖，以糾正任何效率不高在國際市場上。
結論
因為它開辟了專門的機會，因此更有效地利用資源，國際貿易的潛力最大限度地發揮一個國家的能力，以生產和收購貨物。反對者的全球自由貿易的主張，但是，國際貿易仍然允許效率低下離開發展中國家的損害。可以肯定的是，全球經濟正處於不斷的變化，因為它的發展，也必須在其所有與會者。
⑵ 求一篇關於國際貿易壁壘的英文文章
China is a developing country, the overall level of economic development is not high, behind the structure of export commodities, a lower grade of procts. At present, the Technical Barriers to Trade of China's export trade has become a major obstacle to development. According to the State Intellectual Property Office related to Science and Technology Association in 2002 academic annual meeting, the current world trade barriers from 80% of the technical barriers to trade. In recent years, 60% of export enterprises have met with varying degrees of foreign technical barriers to trade, the impact of China's total export volume of 25%. According to the Ministry of Commerce statistics, Electrical and Mechanical Services in 2002, light instries, such as the six of the 21 categories of procts subjected to technical barriers to trade, business disruption as much as 71 percent, hampered by proct ratio of 39%, the amount of loss of 17,000,000,000 U.S. dollars. Technical Barriers to Trade on China's export enterprises to rece the international market share, lost trading opportunities, out of the market, weaken the competitiveness of our procts, and foreign consumers some of China's agricultural procts, food procts, in particular the decline in confidence, China's exports to the long-term Negative effects. As a result, research on Technical Barriers to Trade of the coping strategies in order to promote the development of China's export trade has now become an important topic.
⑶ 求 一篇關於外貿，外匯儲備之類的英文文章！！
中國外匯儲備今年首季再增
China's build up of FX reserves
Lex
Friday, April 25, 2008
China's foreign exchange reserves rose by $154bn ring the first quarter, a record even by the country's own impressive standards. Yet there are some clues that this may understate the build up of foreign assets, in turn suggesting 「hot money」 flows into China have accelerated and that holding down the exchange rate is getting harder.
今年第一季度，中國外匯儲備增長1540億美元，即便按照中國驚人的增長標准，這也是一個創紀錄的數字。然而，一些跡象表明，這可能還低估了外匯資產的增長，進而說明「熱錢」湧入中國的速度有所加快，而壓低匯率的難度正不斷加大。
China has not yet published a full set of current and capital accounts for the first quarter. That leaves the reserves number as the best proxy. There are two reasons to believe that it understates the position. First, the People's Bank of China is transferring funds to China Investment Corp, the fledgeling sovereign wealth fund with a $200bn kitty. The timing is unclear, but economists estimate that up to $100bn of that target could have been shifted to CIC in the first quarter.
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中國尚未發布今年第一季度經常賬戶及資本賬戶的整套數據。外匯儲備數據因此成為了最佳分析替代。之所以說該數據低估了目前的形勢，原因有兩點：首先，中國人民銀行(PB0C)正向新成立的主權財富基金中國投資有限責任公司(China Investment Corp)轉移資金。具體時間尚不確定，但經濟學家估計，其中多達1000億美元可能已於第一季度轉到中投。中投的資本金總額為2000億美元。
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Second, the PBoC's accounts give some clues that further piles of foreign exchange are being parked at commercial banks. 「Other foreign assets」, a line item on the central bank's accounts that has barely budged in four years, began rising in August last year. Anecdotal evidence suggests commercial banks may be meeting PBoC reserve requirements by accumulating foreign currency. Stone & McCarthy estimate that 75 per cent of the rise in reserve requirements may have been dollar denominated. On that basis, reserve hikes in January and March meant about $42.5bn further accumulation of foreign assets in the first quarter.
其次，中國人民銀行的賬戶提供了一些線索，即額外增加的外匯被放在了商業銀行。央行賬戶上的「其它外國資產」項4年來幾乎沒有變動，但從去年8月份開始上升。坊間證據顯示，商業銀行可能正通過累積外幣，來達到央行的存款准備金率要求。Stone & McCarthy估計，在存款准備金的增加額中，有75%可能是以美元的形式。在此基礎上，今年1月和3月上調准備金率意味著，今年第一季度又累積約425億美元的外匯資產。
There are other complicating factors. It is unclear, for example, how much marked-to-market gains are included in the reserves figure. But all in, the actual rate of reserves accumulation in the first quarter might be up to $100bn higher than the published number suggests. There is reason to be spooked by this. Rising hot money inflows, which are largely a bet on renminbi appreciation, show that Beijing's capital controls are inadequate. Already China's claims on the US equate to about one-third of China's gross domestic proct, estimates economist Brad Setser. How much longer it can accumulate foreign assets to absorb inflows is questionable.
還有其它一些復雜的因素。例如，目前尚不清楚，外匯儲備數據中包括多少以市價標價的增加額。但總之，今年第一季度外匯儲備的實際增加額，可能比公布的數字高出多達1000億美元。人們有理由對此感到擔心。熱錢流入的不斷加速表明，中國政府的資本管制是不夠的。這些熱錢主要是押注人民幣升值。經濟學家布拉德•塞斯特(Brad Setser)估計，中國的外匯儲備已佔中國國內生產總值(GDP)的三分之一左右。在累積外國資產以吸收資金流入方面，中國還能堅持多久，這一點令人感到懷疑。
⑷ 求2~3篇的關於國際貿易的英文文章~~謝謝
International trade is the exchange of capital, goods and services across international boundaries or territories.[1] In most countries, it represents a significant share of GDP. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Instrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services proced within their own borders.
International trade is in principle not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade does not change fundamentally depending on whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs e to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or a different culture.
Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of proction such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of proction. Then trade in good and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of proction. Instead of importing the factor of proction a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of proction and are thus embodying the respective factor. An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing Chinese labor the United States is importing goods from China that were proced with Chinese labor.
International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics.
Models
Several different models have been proposed to predict patterns of trade and to analyze the effects of trade policies such as tariffs.
[edit] Ricardian model
Main article: Ricardian model
The Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage and is perhaps the most important concept in international trade theory. In a Ricardian model, countries specialize in procing what they proce best. Unlike other models, the Ricardian framework predicts that countries will fully specialize instead of procing a broad array of goods. Also, the Ricardian model does not directly consider factor endowments, such as the relative amounts of labor and capital within a country.
[edit] Heckscher-Ohlin model
Main article: Heckscher-Ohlin model
The Heckscher-Ohlin model was proced as an alternative to the Ricardian model of basic comparative advantage. Despite its greater complexity it did not prove much more accurate in its predictions. However from a theoretical point of view it did provide an elegant solution by incorporating the neoclassical price mechanism into international trade theory.
The theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments. It predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce. Empirical problems with the H-O model, known as the Leontief paradox, were exposed in empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States tended to export labor intensive goods despite having a capital abundance.
[edit] Specific factors model
In this model, labour mobility between instries is possible while capital is immobile between instries in the short-run. Thus, this model can be interpreted as a 'short run' version of the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The specific factors name refers to the given that in the short-run specific factors of proction, such as physical capital, are not easily transferable between instries. The theory suggests that if there is an increase in the price of a good, the owners of the factor of proction specific to that good will profit in real terms. Additionally, owners of opposing specific factors of proction (i.e. labour and capital) are likely to have opposing agendas when lobbying for controls over immigration of labour. Conversely, both owners of capital and labour profit in real terms from an increase in the capital endowment. This model is ideal for particular instries. This model is ideal for understanding income distribution but awkward for discussing the pattern of trade!
[edit] New Trade Theory
Main article: New Trade Theory
New Trade theory tries to explain several facts about trade, which the two main models above have difficulty with. These include the fact that most trade is between countries with similar factor endowment and proctivity levels, and the large amount of multinational proction (ie foreign direct investment) which exists. In one example of this framework, the economy exhibits monopolistic competition, and increasing returns to scale.
[edit] Gravity model
Main article: Gravity model of trade
The Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns rather than the more theoretical models discussed above. The gravity model, in its basic form, predicts trade based on the distance between countries and the interaction of the countries' economic sizes. The model mimics the Newtonian law of gravity which also considers distance and physical size between two objects. The model has been proven to be empirically strong through econometric analysis. Other factors such as income level, diplomatic relationships between countries, and trade policies are also included in expanded versions of the model.
[edit] Regulation of international trade
Traditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two nations. For centuries under the belief in Mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international trade. In the 19th century, especially in Britain, a belief in free trade became paramount. This belief became the dominant thinking among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy coincided with the general decline of Great Britain. In the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like the GATT and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade structure. These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and discontent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually beneficial.
Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations, though they often engage in selective protectionism for those instries which are strategically important such as the protective tariffs applied to agriculture by the United States and Europe. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However, many other countries (such as India, China and Russia) are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful themselves. As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade facilitation. The latter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs proceres.
Traditionally agricultural interests are usually in favour of free trade while manufacturing sectors often support protectionism. This has changed somewhat in recent years, however. In fact, agricultural lobbies, particularly in the United States, Europe and Japan, are chiefly responsible for particular rules in the major international trade treaties which allow for more protectionist measures in agriculture than for most other goods and services.
During recessions there is often strong domestic pressure to increase tariffs to protect domestic instries. This occurred around the world ring the Great Depression. Many economists have attempted to portray tariffs as the underlining reason behind the collapse in world trade that many believe seriously deepened the depression.
The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 independent states. The 2005 Buenos Aires talks on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed largely e to opposition from the populations of Latin American nations. Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent years.
[edit] Risks in international trade
The risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups
⑸ 哪有關於國際貿易的文章,英文版,2萬字左右,最好有中文翻譯
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade有關國際貿易的英文介紹 http://www.echeat.com/essay.php?t=26678這篇是國際貿易與全球化,英文的 http://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/24051.html關於提高中國國際貿易的文章 英文的 http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Advantages-Disadvantages-International-Trade/162044國際貿易的利弊 http://www.customwritings.com/blog/sample-essays/international-trade-essay.html這篇都是關於國際貿易的 ,字數很多,你可以看看呵呵 希望對你有幫助~~
⑹ 誰可以給我一些關於【國際貿易】的【英文文章】，最好是沒有譯文的那種。寫論文需要這些資料。謝謝
那麼本人給復你推薦一個制網站，上面的東西很多都是免費的哦。
網址是：http://ishare.iask.sina.com.cn/
⑺ 求一篇有關國際經濟與貿易的英語文章!
Today, the foreign trade of the country or region's economic development is playing an increasingly important role. one country to achieve rapid economic development of economy must learn to use both international and domestic market. foreign trade, by removing the rewards of resources optimization disposition. the trade of the analysis is usually divided into of analysis and the structural analysis, the total amount is to analyze questions from the angle, and the structural analysis from the perspective of the importance of examining trade act.And structure of foreign trade is a national or regional economic development and instrial structure and commodities in international competition, in the international division of labour and international trade in a comprehensive response and commodity structure and regional structure is an important part of the structure of foreign trade. china's accession to wto in 2001, foreign trade has increased rapidly to become the united states, the two countries of the world's third largest trader, but with the rapid development of our foreign trade.The structural problems more and more manifest, for example, the commodity structure is irrational and exports remained low added value of procts. moreover, our foreign trade in merchandise trade is far greater than service trade, so the study of our foreign trade structure is a study of our proct import and export commodity structure, optimize. the article from our foreign trade structure of goods and regional structure has to start.Analysed our import and export trade, and finally made to realize the import and export of strategic goals. the article falls into five chapters, the first three chapters to focus on the development of our foreign trade and the structure of foreign trade in goods and regional structure, the fourth chapter, the introction of our foreign trade, most of the current structure of foreign trade import and export trade and development in order to achieve the strategic objective measures and export of the regrouping.
當今社會，對外貿易在國家或者地區的經濟發展中扮演著越來越重要的角色。一國要獲得經濟快速的經濟發展，必須學會利用國際國內兩個市場。通過對外貿易，進行物產的互通有無，從而實現資源的優化配置。對貿易行為的分析通常分為總量分析和結構分析，總量分析是從量的角度分析問題，而結構分析更注重從質的角度考察貿易行為。而對外貿易結構是一國或地區經濟技術發展水平、產業結構狀況、商品國際競爭能力、在國際分工和國際貿易中的地位等的綜合反映，而商品結構和區域結構是對外貿易結構的重要組成部分。中國從2001年加入WTO以來，對外貿易快速增長，以成為即美、日兩國以後的世界第三大貿易國，但是隨著我國對外貿易的快速發展，在結構上的問題越來越多的顯現出來，例如商品結構的不合理，出口產品仍然是低附加值產品。而且，我國的對外貿易中商品貿易額遠遠大於服務貿易額，因此研究我國的對外貿易結構主要是研究我國的商品進出口貿易，達到商品結構的優化。本文將從我國對外貿易結構中的商品結構和區域結構入手，來分析我國的進出口貿易，最後提出為了實現進出口貿易戰略目標的措施。全文分為五章，前三章主要講我國對外貿易的發展現狀和對外貿易結構中的商品結構和區域結構的分析,第四章講,我國在引入外資時對我國進出口貿易的影響,最針對當前的對外貿易結構,提出進出口貿易發展中為了實現戰略目標的措施和出口商品的優化措施。
⑻ 求一篇有關國際貿易的英文版論文
Investment
liberalization
and
international
trade
Abstract
This
paper
estimates
the
cross-price
elasticity
of
exports
with
respect
to
investment
costs
for
bilateral
relations
between
36
countries.
We
show
that
the
effect
of
recing
foreign
direct
investment
costs
on
exports
depends
on
country
characteristics
and
trade
costs
as
predicted
by
the
[Markusen,
1997
and
Markusen,
2002]
model.
When
countries
differ
in
relative
factor
endowments
and
trade
costs
are
low,
investment
liberalization
stimulates
exports,
whereas
when
countries
are
similar
in
terms
of
relative
factor
endowments
and
size,
and
trade
costs
are
moderate
to
high,
investment
liberalization
reces
exports.
Author
Keywords:
Exports;
Foreign
direct
investment;
International
trade;
Investment
costs;
Investment
liberalization
-----------
是一個PDF,你看看摘要,覺得可以我傳你.
還有很多,反正就是關於international
trade..
⑼ 求一篇與國際貿易相關的英文文章
國際貿易International trade is the exchange of capital, goods and services across international boundaries or territories.[1] In most countries, it represents a significant share of GDP. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Instrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services proced within their own borders.
International trade is in principle not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade does not change fundamentally depending on whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs e to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or a different culture.
Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of proction such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of proction. Then trade in good and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of proction. Instead of importing the factor of proction a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of proction and are thus embodying the respective factor. An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing Chinese labor the United States is importing goods from China that were proced with Chinese labor.
International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics.
Models
Several different models have been proposed to predict patterns of trade and to analyze the effects of trade policies such as tariffs.
[edit] Ricardian model
Main article: Ricardian model
The Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage and is perhaps the most important concept in international trade theory. In a Ricardian model, countries specialize in procing what they proce best. Unlike other models, the Ricardian framework predicts that countries will fully specialize instead of procing a broad array of goods. Also, the Ricardian model does not directly consider factor endowments, such as the relative amounts of labor and capital within a country.
[edit] Heckscher-Ohlin model
Main article: Heckscher-Ohlin model
The Heckscher-Ohlin model was proced as an alternative to the Ricardian model of basic comparative advantage. Despite its greater complexity it did not prove much more accurate in its predictions. However from a theoretical point of view it did provide an elegant solution by incorporating the neoclassical price mechanism into international trade theory.
The theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments. It predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce. Empirical problems with the H-O model, known as the Leontief paradox, were exposed in empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States tended to export labor intensive goods despite having a capital abundance.
[edit] Specific factors model
In this model, labour mobility between instries is possible while capital is immobile between instries in the short-run. Thus, this model can be interpreted as a 'short run' version of the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The specific factors name refers to the given that in the short-run specific factors of proction, such as physical capital, are not easily transferable between instries. The theory suggests that if there is an increase in the price of a good, the owners of the factor of proction specific to that good will profit in real terms. Additionally, owners of opposing specific factors of proction (i.e. labour and capital) are likely to have opposing agendas when lobbying for controls over immigration of labour. Conversely, both owners of capital and labour profit in real terms from an increase in the capital endowment. This model is ideal for particular instries. This model is ideal for understanding income distribution but awkward for discussing the pattern of trade!
[edit] New Trade Theory
Main article: New Trade Theory
New Trade theory tries to explain several facts about trade, which the two main models above have difficulty with. These include the fact that most trade is between countries with similar factor endowment and proctivity levels, and the large amount of multinational proction (ie foreign direct investment) which exists. In one example of this framework, the economy exhibits monopolistic competition, and increasing returns to scale.
[edit] Gravity model
Main article: Gravity model of trade
The Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns rather than the more theoretical models discussed above. The gravity model, in its basic form, predicts trade based on the distance between countries and the interaction of the countries' economic sizes. The model mimics the Newtonian law of gravity which also considers distance and physical size between two objects. The model has been proven to be empirically strong through econometric analysis. Other factors such as income level, diplomatic relationships between countries, and trade policies are also included in expanded versions of the model.
[edit] Regulation of international trade
Traditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two nations. For centuries under the belief in Mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international trade. In the 19th century, especially in Britain, a belief in free trade became paramount. This belief became the dominant thinking among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy coincided with the general decline of Great Britain. In the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like the GATT and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade structure. These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and discontent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually beneficial.
Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations, though they often engage in selective protectionism for those instries which are strategically important such as the protective tariffs applied to agriculture by the United States and Europe. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However, many other countries (such as India, China and Russia) are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful themselves. As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade facilitation. The latter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs proceres.
Traditionally agricultural interests are usually in favour of free trade while manufacturing sectors often support protectionism. This has changed somewhat in recent years, however. In fact, agricultural lobbies, particularly in the United States, Europe and Japan, are chiefly responsible for particular rules in the major international trade treaties which allow for more protectionist measures in agriculture than for most other goods and services.
During recessions there is often strong domestic pressure to increase tariffs to protect domestic instries. This occurred around the world ring the Great Depression. Many economists have attempted to portray tariffs as the underlining reason behind the collapse in world trade that many believe seriously deepened the depression.
The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 independent states. The 2005 Buenos Aires talks on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed largely e to opposition from the populations of Latin American nations. Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent years.
[edit] Risks in international trade
The risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups
[edit] Economic risks
Risk of insolvency of the buyer,
Risk of protracted default - the failure of the buyer to pay the amount e within six months after the e date
Risk of non-acceptance
Surrendering economic sovereignty
Risk of Exchange rate
[edit] Political risks
Risk of cancellation or non-renewal of export or import licences
War risks
Risk of expropriation or confiscation of the importer's company
Risk of the imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goods
Transfer risk - imposition of exchange controls by the importer's country or foreign currency shortages
Surrendering political sovereignty
Influence of political parties in importer's company
⑽ 找一篇關於」國際貿易的好處」的文章，要英文的～～
http://www.exportvirginia.org/Benefits%20of%20International%20Trade.pdf