1. 關於國際貿易的英語論文 急！
Protectionism Doesn't Pay The global financial crisis is no doubt a catalyst for trade protectionism. As the world economy deteriorates, some countries try to boost growth prospects by erecting trade barriers. China calls on these governments not to replay history and revert to protectionism and economic isolationism.
Previous global economic crises were usually accompanied by frequent trade disputes. The United States' erection of large-scale tariffs in 1930, for example, triggered a retaliatory global trade war. During the two oil shocks in the 1970s and 1980s, trade frictions emerged when major economies attempted to increase exports by depreciating their currencies. And in the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, there was a notable uptick in antimping actions, countervailing ties and other protectionist measures.
The financial crisis is now spilling over into the real economy, hitting sectors like manufacturing and services. In almost all countries, factories are closing and unemployment is rising, creating political pressure and social problems. More and more governments are strengthening intervention in their economies under the excuse of 'economic security' and protecting vulnerable domestic instries to curb imports from other countries, especially those in emerging markets.
Trade protectionism differs from legally acceptable measures to protect trade. It is an abuse of remedies provided by multilateral trade rules. This kind of protectionism is morphing into more complex and disguised forms, ranging from conventional tariff and nontariff barriers to technical barriers to trade, instry standards and instry protectionism.
With the economic crisis worsening, caution must be taken even in employing trade protection measures consistent with World Trade Organization rules. At the Group of 20 Financial Summit in November 2008, world leaders called for countries to resist trade protectionism and committed themselves to refraining from erecting new barriers to trade and investment, a message strongly echoed by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit at the end of last year, and the World Economic Forum held in Davos last month.
History tells us that trade protection measures hurt not only other countries, but eventually the country that erected that trade barrier in the first place.
To counter the Great Depression, the U.S. adopted the Smoot-Hawley Act in 1930, which raised import ties of over 20,000 foreign procts significantly and provoked protectionist retaliation from other countries. Faced with that crisis, other countries pursued beggar-thy-neighbor policies that slashed global trade volumes from $36 billion in 1929 to $12 billion in 1932. Among the victims, not the least was the U.S. itself, where exports shrank from $5.2 billion in 1929 to $1.2 billion in 1932. Even in the U.S., the Smoot-Hawley Act was widely believed to be a catalyst that aggravated the effects of Great Depression.
Global trade is now in dire straits. Thanks to shrinking external demand caused by the economic crisis, major trading countries have seen their export growth tumble or have suffered huge contractions. Germany's exports dropped 10.6% in November 2008, compared to the same period the prior year -- the highest one-month drop since 1990. China also experienced negative export growth in November, and a 17.5% decline last month, when compared to the prior year. Protectionist policies would make things even worse and the consequences would be hard to predict.
In the heat of the crisis, it's critical that all countries refrain from pointing fingers at each other or pursuing their own interests at the expense of others. The financial crisis reflects a chronic illness resulting from global economic structural imbalance and financial risk accumulation, and there is no quick fix to this malady. The fundamental interest of every country is to step up consultation and cooperation and keep international trade smoothly flowing. Healthy international trade can help revive the world economy. During the Great Depression, the U.S. recovered from its economic woes because the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration implemented the New Deal and shunned protectionism.
Today's unprecedented financial crisis has inflicted a severe impact on China and other countries as well. China's economic growth has slowed, exports have plunged and unemployment pressure has mounted. Yet even so, China still firmly believes that trade protectionism isn't a solution to the world's problems. In 2008, amid a contraction in global trade, China imported $1.133 trillion worth of goods from countries around the world -- an 18.5% increase over the prior year. These imports are boosting the economic development of China's trading partners. Since the crisis broke out, the Chinese government has decisively put forward a series of measures aiming at stimulating domestic demand. Given the size and openness of our country, the growth in China's domestic markets can be translated into greater market potential and investment opportunities for other countries. This year China will continue to increase imports and send buying missions abroad for large-scale purchase of equipment, procts and technology.
China has always championed our mutually beneficial opening-up policy and advocated international economic cooperation. We maintain that the Doha Round of global trade negotiations should be taken forward in a way that meets the interests of members and complies with the multilateral trading system already established. China is ready to stand together with all nations in the world to face up to the challenges of today, tackle the financial crisis through cooperation and guide the world economy into a new period of prosperity.
貿易保護主義無法拯救世界經濟
對貿易保護主義來說，全球金融危機無疑是一針催化劑。近一時期，隨著全球經濟形勢惡化，一些國家自危、自利、自保傾向抬頭。有識之士為此感到憂慮，呼籲各國在出台經濟刺激計劃時，一定要防止貿易保護主義和經濟孤立主義的歷史重演。
歷次全球經濟危機往往都伴隨著貿易爭端的高發。1930年美國政府大范圍提高關稅，引發了全球范圍報復性貿易戰。上世紀七八十年代兩次石油危機時，主要國家放任貨幣貶值以擴大出口的作法引發了貿易摩擦。1997年亞洲金融危機之後，全球反傾銷、反補貼和保障措施案件明顯增多。
當前，金融危機已蔓延到製造業、服務業等實體經濟領域，各國工廠倒閉劇增，失業率上升，政治壓力和社會問題接踵而至。越來越多國家以「經濟安全」和保護本國虛弱產業為由加強政府對經濟的干預，阻撓其他國家特別是新興國家企業出口。
貿易保護主義不同於正當的貿易保護措施，它是對多邊貿易規則中救濟措施的濫用。從傳統的關稅和非關稅壁壘，到技術性貿易壁壘、行業標准等，以及產業保護主義，當前貿易保護主義的形式更加復雜多樣，隱蔽性更強。在危機加劇的背景下，即使符合WTO規則的保護措施也應慎用，這已成為各國共識。在2008年11月舉行的G20金融峰會上，各國領導人同聲呼籲抵制貿易保護主義，承諾在未來一年內，避免設置新的貿易和投資壁壘。年底的APEC領導人會議和今年初的世界經濟論壇達沃斯年會，再次發出了反對保護主義強音。
歷史是一面鏡子。任何針對他國的貿易保護舉措，不僅會損害對方，最終也會傷及自身。經驗告訴我們，大規模的貿易保護措施將使金融危機下本已嚴峻的經濟形勢更加困難。
1930年美國為了應對經濟危機，頒發了《斯姆特－霍利關稅法》，大幅提高超過2萬種外國商品的進口關稅，結果引起了其他國家的貿易保護主義報復。面對危機，各國以鄰為壑，全球貿易總額大幅縮減，從1929年的360億美元縮小到1932年的120億美元，美國自身也深受其害，出口總額從1929年的52億美元左右縮減到1932年的12億美元。這一法案即使在美國國內也被普遍認為是大蕭條加劇的催化劑。
如今全球貿易形勢已相當嚴峻：經濟危機導致外需衰退，各主要貿易國的出口增速已急劇下滑，甚至出現大幅萎縮。德國08年11月份出口額較前月大幅下滑10.6%，為1990年以來的最大單月降幅。中國08年11月以來出口連續出現負增長，其中09年1月出口下降了17.5%。如果未來貿易保護主義泛濫，使嚴峻的形勢雪上加霜，造成的後果很難預料。我們應該認真思索，這樣的後果世界能否承受，又是否值得承受？
危機當頭，重要的是各國攜手共克時艱，而非互相指責，以鄰為壑。金融危機是全球經濟結構失衡、金融風險積聚長期積累的結果，解決問題也不可能一蹴而就。當前加強磋商、增強合作，保持國際貿易渠道暢通，才符合各國的根本利益。國際貿易的健康發展，是推動世界經濟復甦的重要力量。當年羅斯福政府實行新政，與貿易保護主義決裂，帶領美國經濟走出低谷，推動了全球經濟的增長。
在這場前所未有的世界金融危機中，中國與其他國家一樣都受到嚴重沖擊。去年第三季度以來，經濟增速放緩，出口大幅下滑，就業壓力加大。即便如此，中國仍堅定認為，貿易保護主義是條死胡同。在全球貿易萎縮的情況下，2008年中國從各國進口11331億美元的商品，增長18.5％，促進了貿易夥伴的經濟發展。危機爆發以來，中國政府果斷出台了一系列擴大內需的措施。作為一個開放的大國，中國內需的提升可為其他國家提供更大的市場空間和更多的投資機會。今年，中國將繼續擴大進口，積極組織企業采購團，赴海外大規模采購，進口設備、商品和技術。
中國始終奉行互利共贏的開放戰略，倡導國際經濟合作。我們主張積極推進符合各國利益與多邊貿易體制的多哈回合談判。中國願與世界各國一道，以開放迎接挑戰，以合作應對危機，共克時艱，推動世界經濟走向新的繁榮。
2. 傳給我國際貿易類英文論文
一、職業崗位（群）分析（一）行業發展現狀近幾年全國中小學不斷擴招，社會力量辦學方興未艾, 對英語教師的需求日益增加。據三門峽市教育局預測未來5年每年至少需要新增英語教師120名。我市情況如此，河南省各地情況也基本相同。我市鄉級初中，小學需要大量的具有較高學歷，和專業水平的英語教師。（二）人才需求狀況從目前我市目前的中小學教師結構來看，既具備較高的學歷層次，又是針對中小學英語教育的專業教師很少。隨著英語課在中小學的更加普及，和逐年學生人數的增多，本專業人才社會需求量大，就業形式好。（三）崗位（群）分析小學英語教師幼兒園雙語教師英語培訓學校的教師。二、職業核心能力1．具有扎實的英語語言基礎和較熟練的聽、說、讀、寫、譯能力；2．掌握英國文學及相關英語國家社會和文化方面的基礎知識；3．具有較好的漢語表達能力能力；4．具備必要的教育學和心理學知識。5．具備熟練的英語課堂教學技能。三、人才培養的基本要求和能力素質結構（一）人才培養的基本要求1. 德育：熱愛社會主義祖國，擁護黨的基本路線，了解馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論和「三個代表」重要思想的基本原理，樹立和落實科學發展觀，具有愛國主義、集體主義、社會主義思想和良好的思想品德，具有創業精神、良好的職業道德。2. 智育：（1）掌握必須的公共文化基礎理論，其中英語應通過CET四級或全國公共英語三級考試，計算機應通過全國計算機應用技術證書考試（NIT）（或取得相應的國家或行業等級證書）。（2）掌握必須的英語教育專業基礎理論知識、英語教育專業知識（3）重點掌握從事英語教育工作所具備的核心能力和基本技能，畢業時具有普通話二級乙等證書和教師資格證。3. 體育：具有健全的體魄和良好的心理素質，學生體質健康達到合格標准。4. 美育：樹立正確的審美觀念，培養健康的審美情趣。（二）知識、能力、素質結構1．思想政治素質掌握馬克思主義的基本原理，樹立正確的世界觀、人生觀、價值觀，具備堅定的政治立場和正確的政治態度和科學的審美價值觀。2．創新素質 通過系統的學習，具備終身學習、接受新思維、觀察、發現和想像、遷移和綜合 、發揮群體智慧的組織和社交能力與素質。回答人的補充 2009-06-29 00:42
3．科學文化素質具備科學精神和科研精神，掌握較為寬廣和扎實的人文知識，人文技能和人文精神，具有藝體勞等方面的基礎知識和基本技能，具備終身學習，接受新思維的能力與素質。4. 專業素質（1）掌握6000個詞彙，熟練掌握其中4500個詞彙。（2）能聽懂我國對外廣播、外台的新聞報導和評述，以及國外人士用英語正常語速所做的有關政治、文化、教育、經貿方面的演講或講座。
3. 求一篇有關國際貿易的英文版論文
Investment
liberalization
and
international
trade
Abstract
This
paper
estimates
the
cross-price
elasticity
of
exports
with
respect
to
investment
costs
for
bilateral
relations
between
36
countries.
We
show
that
the
effect
of
recing
foreign
direct
investment
costs
on
exports
depends
on
country
characteristics
and
trade
costs
as
predicted
by
the
[Markusen,
1997
and
Markusen,
2002]
model.
When
countries
differ
in
relative
factor
endowments
and
trade
costs
are
low,
investment
liberalization
stimulates
exports,
whereas
when
countries
are
similar
in
terms
of
relative
factor
endowments
and
size,
and
trade
costs
are
moderate
to
high,
investment
liberalization
reces
exports.
Author
Keywords:
Exports;
Foreign
direct
investment;
International
trade;
Investment
costs;
Investment
liberalization
-----------
是一個PDF,你看看摘要,覺得可以我傳你.
還有很多,反正就是關於international
trade..
4. 關於國際貿易的英語論文
你自己去網上查查不就好拉
5. 高分高分 求英文高手給一篇國際貿易的論文，，，1200字左右的。。。。英文論文。。。English。。。
研究國際貿易的發展趨勢，是我國制定和完善出口發展戰略的重要前提。
一、國際貿易的現狀與前瞻
進入90年代後，由於世界格局發生了巨大變化，西方國家受周期性和結構性因素的影響而先後陷入衰退，再加上美元匯率的變化、國際債務、戰爭等因素的嚴重製約，國際貿易的增長速度連年下降，而且波動較大，國際貿易增長率從1989年的7％下降到1990年的5％，1991年又下降到3％，1992年上升到4．5％，1993年又降至2．5％，1994年回升到5％，1995年可望增長到7％左右，1996年後，增長速度還要加快。但不同國家和不同地區之間的發展是很不平衡的。
總的看，整個90年代國際貿易將處於一個新的增長期，其發展速度可達5％左右，不僅超過世界經濟增長速度還將明顯高於80年代（4％）的發展水平。國際商品市場對機電產品、運輸設備、計算機、有色金屬、石油、石化產品等的需求大幅度增長，價格上揚，其中製成品貿易將進一步擴大。初級產品貿易亦有明顯好轉，其絕對貿易額將不斷增長，但在國際貿易中所佔的比重卻呈下降的趨勢，下降幅度將小於80年代同類產品的水平，這種態勢在今後幾年內還將繼續發展。90年代，國際貿易的基本走勢是初期緩慢增長，中後期增速加快，其推動力主要來自西方國家的宏觀調控措施。但是與產業結構變動直接關聯的技術大周期正處在上升階段，還沒有重大突破，貿易保護主義的新發展以及發展中國家沉重的債務負擔等因素的制約，國際貿易出現大幅度增長的可能性不大。
二、影響國際貿易發展的幾個主要因素
（一）世界經濟繼續保持增長的勢頭
世界經濟已擺脫連續4年的增長緩慢和不景氣狀態，並開始步入新一輪的經濟上升周期，世界經濟增長率在1991年下降到—0．4％的基礎上，1992年提高到0．8％，1993年為1．7％，1994年上升到3．1％，預計1995年可達3．5％，90年代下半期大體可保持3％的增長率，略高於80年代2．9％的水平。
西方國家經濟普遍復甦和發展，是世界經濟好轉的重要原因。美國經濟在90年代下半期的增長率可能維持在3％左右。西歐經濟增長率也從1993年0．4％的負增長，提高到1994年的2．6％，1995年可達2．9％，爾後幾年，經濟形勢將進一步好轉，並步入常規增長，年平均增長率將高於80年代。美國、西歐經濟情況的進一步好轉，有助於抑制日元升值的勢頭，並在一定程度上推動日本的出口，為日本擺脫經濟衰退提供一個轉機，使經濟出現一些復甦的跡象。90年代下半期，日本經濟增長率大體維持在3—3．5％，盡管高過美國和西歐，但仍低於80年代的水平。
國際貿易的發展及趨勢
發布時間： 2003-7-21 作者：安和芬
研究國際貿易的發展趨勢，是我國制定和完善出口發展戰略的重要前提。
一、國際貿易的現狀與前瞻
進入90年代後，由於世界格局發生了巨大變化，西方國家受周期性和結構性因素的影響而先後陷入衰退，再加上美元匯率的變化、國際債務、戰爭等因素的嚴重製約，國際貿易的增長速度連年下降，而且波動較大，國際貿易增長率從1989年的7％下降到1990年的5％，1991年又下降到3％，1992年上升到4．5％，1993年又降至2．5％，1994年回升到5％，1995年可望增長到7％左右，1996年後，增長速度還要加快。但不同國家和不同地區之間的發展是很不平衡的。
總的看，整個90年代國際貿易將處於一個新的增長期，其發展速度可達5％左右，不僅超過世界經濟增長速度還將明顯高於80年代（4％）的發展水平。國際商品市場對機電產品、運輸設備、計算機、有色金屬、石油、石化產品等的需求大幅度增長，價格上揚，其中製成品貿易將進一步擴大。初級產品貿易亦有明顯好轉，其絕對貿易額將不斷增長，但在國際貿易中所佔的比重卻呈下降的趨勢，下降幅度將小於80年代同類產品的水平，這種態勢在今後幾年內還將繼續發展。90年代，國際貿易的基本走勢是初期緩慢增長，中後期增速加快，其推動力主要來自西方國家的宏觀調控措施。但是與產業結構變動直接關聯的技術大周期正處在上升階段，還沒有重大突破，貿易保護主義的新發展以及發展中國家沉重的債務負擔等因素的制約，國際貿易出現大幅度增長的可能性不大。
二、影響國際貿易發展的幾個主要因素
（一）世界經濟繼續保持增長的勢頭
世界經濟已擺脫連續4年的增長緩慢和不景氣狀態，並開始步入新一輪的經濟上升周期，世界經濟增長率在1991年下降到—0．4％的基礎上，1992年提高到0．8％，1993年為1．7％，1994年上升到3．1％，預計1995年可達3．5％，90年代下半期大體可保持3％的增長率，略高於80年代2．9％的水平。
西方國家經濟普遍復甦和發展，是世界經濟好轉的重要原因。美國經濟在90年代下半期的增長率可能維持在3％左右。西歐經濟增長率也從1993年0．4％的負增長，提高到1994年的2．6％，1995年可達2．9％，爾後幾年，經濟形勢將進一步好轉，並步入常規增長，年平均增長率將高於80年代。美國、西歐經濟情況的進一步好轉，有助於抑制日元升值的勢頭，並在一定程度上推動日本的出口，為日本擺脫經濟衰退提供一個轉機，使經濟出現一些復甦的跡象。90年代下半期，日本經濟增長率大體維持在3—3．5％，盡管高過美國和西歐，但仍低於80年代的水平。
在東盟經濟部長第26屆年會上，一致同意把建成東盟自由貿易區的時間，從原定15年縮短為10年，決定在2003年1月1日，把東盟內部工業品、農產品的關稅降到0．5％。目前，亞太地區的「成長三角」，作為次區域經濟合作的一種補充模式進展比較順利。
為了推動亞太經濟合作的發展，1995年2月16日，亞太經合組織舉行高級官員「特別」會議，討論地區貿易和投資的遠景，並為今年11月在大阪召開部長級會議和第三屆領導人會議准備議事日程，同時起草在2020年以前實現亞太地區貿易和投資的自由化「行動計劃」。參加會議的官員一致認為議事日程應由貿易和投資自由化，以及經濟和技術合作兩部分組成。會議同意成立一個私營企業協調組。
（四）科學技術進步的加速
90年代是以微電子、生物技術、信息技術和新材料等領域為中心的高新技術、繼續加速發展、而且日趨走向實用化、產業化的時代，隨著高新技術的推廣應用，國際化分工的深化，產品質量性能的不斷提高，產品種類、規格的不斷變化，產品的生產同期將大為縮短。由於產品的不斷升級換代，必將促使各國的產業結構和經濟結構向更高層次發展，使國際間的相互依賴和滲透進一步加深，從而推動國際商品范圍和貿易量的不斷擴大。使商品生產的內容、形式以及組織等方面都將發生變革。國際貿易的發展也越來越多地和新技術聯在一起，使國際商品生產和貿易的原材料密度和粗放程度大為減少，而技術、知識密集度卻大大提高。由於社會消費需求向多樣化發展，通過商品交換，促進行業內部貿易的發展。
（五）跨國公司的蓬勃發展
進入90年代後，跨國公司發展尤為迅速，並正在不斷改變著世界商品生產和流通的格局。目前，全球跨國公司約有1．2萬家，控制著世界出口貿易總額的2／3，跨國公司內部貿易已佔國際貿易的40％。隨著生產國際化的新發展，跨國公司將在更大程度上控制著國際貿易、國際投資和技術轉讓等經濟活動。製成品貿易，特別是高技術貿易和資本貨物貿易在跨國公司內占的比重也將越來越大，在發達國家的製成品貿易中，由於規模經濟的作用，使同一行業內部的雙向性國際商品流動發展很快，並成為貿易效益的主要來源，據1992年有關部門的調查，發達國家的產業內貿易約占國際貿易的60％，新加坡、韓國、印度尼西亞等國的產業內貿易約占國際貿易的45％。
隨著世界經濟區域集團化的發展和新貿易保護主義的盛行，企業進入國外市場更為困難。為了繞過東道國的貿易壁壘，為了有利於降低研究、試制、生產成本，擴大市場，實現優勢互補，從80年代起，一些大型跨國公司已開始走向無國界化，但是直到近幾年，大企業間締結國際戰略聯盟的工作才得到迅速發展。跨國公司聯盟可以利用自身和他國的不同優勢，通過生產要素的國際流動，在世界范圍內實現資源的合理配置，共同獲取最大的經濟效益，推動國際貿易的發展。
三、國際貿易結構發生重大變化
（一）國際服務貿易蓬勃興起
進入80年代後，服務貿易正以高於商品貿易的速度增長，國際服務貿易額從1982年的4050億美元增加到1987年的9600億美元，1992年又增加到10200億美元，10年間增長1．5倍，同期，世界商品貿易額只增長1倍。1993年，世界商品貿易額比上年減少2％，而國際服務貿易額卻增長3％。在國際服務貿易構成中，運輸和旅遊服務貿易所佔的比重相對下降，通訊、保險、廣告、技術、租賃、管理等服務貿易所佔的比重在不斷提高，尤其是高技術產品中的附加值的不斷增加，其商品也越來越趨向於服務密集型。
發達國家的經濟越來越「服務化」，在國際服務貿易中，發達國家約佔3／4的份額。美國是世界最大的服務貿易出口國，在電信、數據處理、銀行、保險等新興服務項目中具有明顯優勢。世界許多國家出於自身的經濟安全考慮，對服務貿易實行保護主義政策，普遍構築了貿易壁壘，對美國服務貿易的擴大構成強大的威脅，因此，幾年前，美國就向關貿總協定提出要求解決服務貿易的問題。烏拉圭回合經過多年的談判，終於達成服務貿易多邊框架協定，規定締約方所承擔的一般義務與紀律，包括最惠國待遇、透明度、國民待遇、發展中國家的逐步參與、市場准入、解決爭議等條款。服務貿易多邊框架的制定，是關貿總協定在推動國際貿易自由化發展問題上的一個重大突破，它將使締約方對服務市場的保護與多邊談判，加強人員交往與信息流通，特別是知識產權、技術轉讓、數據處理、咨詢、廣告等服務行業的貿易逐步自由化，有利於加速國際貿易的發展。
（二）環保產品風靡全球
1992年，聯合國「環境與發展會議」，大大增強了世界人民的環保意識，對人類健康無害的綠色食品、綠色冰箱、綠色空調、綠色電腦、綠色汽車等綠色產品的需求量明顯上升，從而推動了電器、能源、建築、石化等工業部門的變革，防治污染、節能、信息服務等將形成一個新興的龐大產業。北美、西歐的環保技術已佔據國際市場的60％，據西方7個工業國的調查，抵制非環保產品的人數約占總人數的79％，這表明綠色商品在國際市場上已佔主導地位，而且市場前景非常廣闊。
為了解決與貿易有關的環境問題，1993年12月15日，在烏拉圭回合的貿易談判委員會議上，通過一項「關於貿易與環境」的決議，決定起草一份貿易與環境的工作方案，並制定有關貿易與環境措施之間增強相互作用的規則，監督用於環境目的的貿易措施，以及與貿易有關的環保措施。隨著國際社會環保意識的增強，在國際援助和國際投資中，環保工程倍受重視。當前，許多國家不僅陸續推出嚴格的環保法規，而且在進出口貿易中，無論是工業國家還是「新興工業國家」，大都制定「環保產品優先」的原則，美國柯林頓總統明確提出：對環保產品要制定出口優惠政策；歐洲聯盟已制定「綠色輸入」政策；東盟國家決定對環保產品徵收低關稅；這對國際貿易的發展將產生深遠的影響。
四、國際貿易方式正處在變革中
（一）無紙貿易逐步盛行
無紙貿易（簡稱EDI），是利用電子數據交換代替傳統的紙面單據進行貿易活動，將標準的經濟信息通過通訊網路，在商業夥伴的計算機之間進行傳輸和處理，以實現買賣雙方交易的目的。在國際貿易活動中利用EDI，可以大量減少甚至消除在傳統貿易過程中的各種紙面文件和單據，避免數據的重復輸入，簡化工作程序，這不僅能加快信息的反饋速度，可及時得到大量的商業信息，減少差錯，降低成本，提高效率，便於管理，在激烈的市場競爭中，還可提供更有利於企業的貿易機會和條件。
無紙貿易始於60年代，但到80年代才逐步擴展到國際貿易領域。從1992年開始，美國的進出口貿易報關都採用EDI；日本結合EDI的應用開發了「戰略信息系統（SIS）」；韓國也建立了EDI服務系統——韓國貿易網（KT—NET）；我國政府已成立「中國促進EDI應用協調委員會」，負責推動EDI的應用工作；聯合國也提出了應用EDI的貿易服務促進項目——ET2000年，聯合國國際貿易法委員會（UNCITRAL）正在制定有關EDI應用的國際法，為EDI在全球范圍內普及使用創造條件。
（二）管理貿易發展迅速
管理貿易具體講是指一國政府從國家的宏觀經濟利益和國內外政策需要出發，對外貿活動進行的行政管理和干預。對國際經濟組織來講就是對國際經濟的協調管理。
進入90年代後，由於國際市場競爭激烈，工業國家爭奪市場份額的斗爭越來越尖銳，對資本主義世界經濟體系形成強烈的沖擊，有關國家出於經濟利益的相關性，都認識到加強國際經濟協調十分必要。發展中國家通過產業結構和經濟結構的調整，以及實施改革開放政策，有力地促進經濟的發展，韓國、新加坡、香港、台灣等新興工業化國家和地區的汽車、家電、服裝、電子等商品，已開始與發達國家爭奪國際市場份額，發達國家為了保護傳統產業的發展，採取了不少的管理貿易措施；隨著世界經濟區域集團化趨勢的進一步加強，各區域經濟集團為了保護區內市場，在逐步拆除妨礙商品和生產要素自由流動的各種障礙的同時，對外實行排斥，使新貿易保護主義抬頭，各集團之間的非公平壟斷競爭和矛盾加劇，非成員國也感到自己的貿易空間在不斷縮小，為了擴大出口，保護市場，需要加強對貿易的單邊管理和與集團之間的貿易協調管理；隨著生產國際化的新發展，跨國公司既需要採取自由貿易，消除對外經濟擴張的一切限制，同時也需要藉助國家干預外貿來提高競爭力，以保護某些產業免遭外國壟斷組織的侵害，因此，90年代管理貿易將得到迅速發展。
五、發展對外貿易的幾點思考
90年代，國際貿易發展的總趨勢，對我國出口貿易的發展是機遇和挑戰並存。
其機遇主要是：1．有利於擴大出口。國際貿易的持續增長，標志著國際市場需求的穩步擴大，為我國出口貿易的發展，提供一個比較有利的國際環境，有利於擴大出口。2．有利於調整出口商品結構。在國際貿易中，製成品特別是資本貨物（電器、非電氣的機械及運輸設備）和高新技術、信息、智能等「軟體貿易」占的比重將不斷上升，這有利於我國調整出口商品結構，加快發展製成品的出口。
其挑戰主要表現在：1．增加了我國出口貿易的障礙，而且出口的勞動密集型產品，將面臨著更激烈的國際市場競爭。2．增加了我國引進外資和先進技術的難度，獨聯體和東歐國家在不久的將來，可能成為我國的競爭對手。
為使機遇變成現實，充分利用國際環境中的有利因素，我國應採取下列措施：
1．實行全球性的信息戰略。建立健全全球性的行銷網路。在世界各地尋求市場機遇，推動外貿活動的開展。
2．根據國際市場需求，調整產業結構。特別要對無污染、附加值高、輕型化、多功能等市場發展潛力大的產品加以扶植，並作為經濟發展的策略工業對待。
3．積極開展跨國經營。我國企業應跳出傳統行業的單一產品生產框架，踴躍涉足其他新的領域，開展多種經營，積極參加跨行業的競爭。企業在開拓國際市場時，為了繞過對方的貿易壁壘，可以輸出勞務，承包工程，以資本輸出代替商品輸出，開展跨國、跨地區經營，採取在東道國（地區）投資建廠、合資辦廠、收買股份、兼並等手段，就地生產，就地銷售。要鼓勵有條件的大型企業發展跨國戰略聯盟。
4．進一步擴大市場開放度，加強法制，改善投資環境。
6. 急求求一篇國際貿易的作用的英文小論文，500字左右！！
國貿的可以幫你寫哦
國際貿易（International Trade）也稱通商，是指跨越國境的貨品和服務交易，一般由進口貿易和出口貿易所組成，因此也可稱之為進出口貿易。國際貿易也叫世界貿易。進出口貿易可以調節國內生產要素的利用率，改善國際間的供求關系，調整經濟結構，增加財政收入等。
國際貿易專業屬於經濟學學科範疇，主要以經濟學理論為依託，包括微觀經濟學、宏觀經濟學、國際經濟學、計量經濟學、世界經濟學概論、政治經濟學等
7. 求一篇有關國際經濟與貿易的英語文章!
Today, the foreign trade of the country or region's economic development is playing an increasingly important role. one country to achieve rapid economic development of economy must learn to use both international and domestic market. foreign trade, by removing the rewards of resources optimization disposition. the trade of the analysis is usually divided into of analysis and the structural analysis, the total amount is to analyze questions from the angle, and the structural analysis from the perspective of the importance of examining trade act.And structure of foreign trade is a national or regional economic development and instrial structure and commodities in international competition, in the international division of labour and international trade in a comprehensive response and commodity structure and regional structure is an important part of the structure of foreign trade. china's accession to wto in 2001, foreign trade has increased rapidly to become the united states, the two countries of the world's third largest trader, but with the rapid development of our foreign trade.The structural problems more and more manifest, for example, the commodity structure is irrational and exports remained low added value of procts. moreover, our foreign trade in merchandise trade is far greater than service trade, so the study of our foreign trade structure is a study of our proct import and export commodity structure, optimize. the article from our foreign trade structure of goods and regional structure has to start.Analysed our import and export trade, and finally made to realize the import and export of strategic goals. the article falls into five chapters, the first three chapters to focus on the development of our foreign trade and the structure of foreign trade in goods and regional structure, the fourth chapter, the introction of our foreign trade, most of the current structure of foreign trade import and export trade and development in order to achieve the strategic objective measures and export of the regrouping.
當今社會，對外貿易在國家或者地區的經濟發展中扮演著越來越重要的角色。一國要獲得經濟快速的經濟發展，必須學會利用國際國內兩個市場。通過對外貿易，進行物產的互通有無，從而實現資源的優化配置。對貿易行為的分析通常分為總量分析和結構分析，總量分析是從量的角度分析問題，而結構分析更注重從質的角度考察貿易行為。而對外貿易結構是一國或地區經濟技術發展水平、產業結構狀況、商品國際競爭能力、在國際分工和國際貿易中的地位等的綜合反映，而商品結構和區域結構是對外貿易結構的重要組成部分。中國從2001年加入WTO以來，對外貿易快速增長，以成為即美、日兩國以後的世界第三大貿易國，但是隨著我國對外貿易的快速發展，在結構上的問題越來越多的顯現出來，例如商品結構的不合理，出口產品仍然是低附加值產品。而且，我國的對外貿易中商品貿易額遠遠大於服務貿易額，因此研究我國的對外貿易結構主要是研究我國的商品進出口貿易，達到商品結構的優化。本文將從我國對外貿易結構中的商品結構和區域結構入手，來分析我國的進出口貿易，最後提出為了實現進出口貿易戰略目標的措施。全文分為五章，前三章主要講我國對外貿易的發展現狀和對外貿易結構中的商品結構和區域結構的分析,第四章講,我國在引入外資時對我國進出口貿易的影響,最針對當前的對外貿易結構,提出進出口貿易發展中為了實現戰略目標的措施和出口商品的優化措施。
8. 國際貿易英語論文500詞
同學，是用英語寫，還是用漢語呢？
這篇材料主要是說明國際貿易產生的原因，但是說實在的，這個原因應該算是赫克希爾-俄林的要素稟賦理論的簡略版吧，就是太通俗易懂不是理論層面的東西吧，你想要根據材料給的擴展一下呢，還是希望我幫你，從理論的角度分析一下呢？
What is international trade ? the general meaning is : buying and selling among countries,including import trade and export trade . in today』s world , no nation exists in economic isolation . the high degree of economic coorparation reflects the historical evolution of world』s economic and political order . then what are the force driving globalization ? the fist and perhaps most profound influnce is technological change : advances in transport technology have continued to bring people and enterprise closer together , the boundary of tradable goods and services has been greatly extended . also continuing liberalization of trade and investment has made for an ever more unencumbered policy environment for economic relations among nations. last but not least one : lower trade barriers and financial liberalization have allowed more and more companies to globalize proction structures through investment abroad ,which in turn has provided a future stimulus to trade .
as the <the wealth of nations > by adam smith said : the Exchange promote the division of labor, and vice versa. And the division of labour lead to the exchange between people.
then why world economic become more and more interdependence .according to factor-endowment theory and comparative difference , there are two factors : labor and capital .In defferent country , they have different endowments of factors . so the relative commodities require different intensities of the factor in their proction . in this situation the price of relative commodity is different , the country will export the commodity for which a large amount of relatively abundant inputs is used , and this commodity will be more commpative in the world trade .
trade and the distribution of income between the different nations : both partner gain from trade if countries specialize in what they are comparatively best at proction ,they must import goods and service that other countries proce best . for example brazilians supply coffee and americans supply wheat . the large proction will make it possilble for brazilian to gain by using revenues from their wheat sales to purchase american wheat .at the same time american will gain by doing the opposite ,by using the revenues from their wheat sales to purchase brazilian coffee. The american have comparative advantage in wheat protion and brazilians have comparative advantage in coffee protion .
同學，看看吧。應該可以了吧
9. 急求一篇國際貿易的英語論文,高手進
As the economic role of multinational， corpora-tions expands，the international economic environment will be shaped increasingly not by governments or international institutions，but by the interaction between governments and global corporations， especially in the United States，Europe，and Japan. A significant factor in this shifting world economy is the trend toward regional trading biocs of nations，which has a potentially large effect on the evolution of the world trading system. Two examples of this trend are the United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement （FTA）and Europe 1992，the move by the European Community （EC）to dismantle impediments to the free flow of goods，services，capital，and labor among member states by the end of 1992. However， although numerous political and economic factors were operative in launching the move to integrate the EC『s markets，concern about protectionism within the EC does not appear to have been a major consideration. This is in sharp contrast to the FTA，the overwhelming reason for that bilateral initiative was fear of increasing United States protectionism. None-theless，although markedly different in origin and nature，both regional developments are highly significant in that they will foster integration in the two largest and richest markets of the world，as well as provoke questions about the future direction of the world trading system.
10. 求2~3篇的關於國際貿易的英文文章~~謝謝
International trade is the exchange of capital, goods and services across international boundaries or territories.[1] In most countries, it represents a significant share of GDP. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Instrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services proced within their own borders.
International trade is in principle not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade does not change fundamentally depending on whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs e to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or a different culture.
Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of proction such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of proction. Then trade in good and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of proction. Instead of importing the factor of proction a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of proction and are thus embodying the respective factor. An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing Chinese labor the United States is importing goods from China that were proced with Chinese labor.
International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics.
Models
Several different models have been proposed to predict patterns of trade and to analyze the effects of trade policies such as tariffs.
[edit] Ricardian model
Main article: Ricardian model
The Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage and is perhaps the most important concept in international trade theory. In a Ricardian model, countries specialize in procing what they proce best. Unlike other models, the Ricardian framework predicts that countries will fully specialize instead of procing a broad array of goods. Also, the Ricardian model does not directly consider factor endowments, such as the relative amounts of labor and capital within a country.
[edit] Heckscher-Ohlin model
Main article: Heckscher-Ohlin model
The Heckscher-Ohlin model was proced as an alternative to the Ricardian model of basic comparative advantage. Despite its greater complexity it did not prove much more accurate in its predictions. However from a theoretical point of view it did provide an elegant solution by incorporating the neoclassical price mechanism into international trade theory.
The theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments. It predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce. Empirical problems with the H-O model, known as the Leontief paradox, were exposed in empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States tended to export labor intensive goods despite having a capital abundance.
[edit] Specific factors model
In this model, labour mobility between instries is possible while capital is immobile between instries in the short-run. Thus, this model can be interpreted as a 'short run' version of the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The specific factors name refers to the given that in the short-run specific factors of proction, such as physical capital, are not easily transferable between instries. The theory suggests that if there is an increase in the price of a good, the owners of the factor of proction specific to that good will profit in real terms. Additionally, owners of opposing specific factors of proction (i.e. labour and capital) are likely to have opposing agendas when lobbying for controls over immigration of labour. Conversely, both owners of capital and labour profit in real terms from an increase in the capital endowment. This model is ideal for particular instries. This model is ideal for understanding income distribution but awkward for discussing the pattern of trade!
[edit] New Trade Theory
Main article: New Trade Theory
New Trade theory tries to explain several facts about trade, which the two main models above have difficulty with. These include the fact that most trade is between countries with similar factor endowment and proctivity levels, and the large amount of multinational proction (ie foreign direct investment) which exists. In one example of this framework, the economy exhibits monopolistic competition, and increasing returns to scale.
[edit] Gravity model
Main article: Gravity model of trade
The Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns rather than the more theoretical models discussed above. The gravity model, in its basic form, predicts trade based on the distance between countries and the interaction of the countries' economic sizes. The model mimics the Newtonian law of gravity which also considers distance and physical size between two objects. The model has been proven to be empirically strong through econometric analysis. Other factors such as income level, diplomatic relationships between countries, and trade policies are also included in expanded versions of the model.
[edit] Regulation of international trade
Traditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two nations. For centuries under the belief in Mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international trade. In the 19th century, especially in Britain, a belief in free trade became paramount. This belief became the dominant thinking among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy coincided with the general decline of Great Britain. In the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like the GATT and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade structure. These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and discontent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually beneficial.
Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations, though they often engage in selective protectionism for those instries which are strategically important such as the protective tariffs applied to agriculture by the United States and Europe. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However, many other countries (such as India, China and Russia) are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful themselves. As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade facilitation. The latter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs proceres.
Traditionally agricultural interests are usually in favour of free trade while manufacturing sectors often support protectionism. This has changed somewhat in recent years, however. In fact, agricultural lobbies, particularly in the United States, Europe and Japan, are chiefly responsible for particular rules in the major international trade treaties which allow for more protectionist measures in agriculture than for most other goods and services.
During recessions there is often strong domestic pressure to increase tariffs to protect domestic instries. This occurred around the world ring the Great Depression. Many economists have attempted to portray tariffs as the underlining reason behind the collapse in world trade that many believe seriously deepened the depression.
The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 independent states. The 2005 Buenos Aires talks on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed largely e to opposition from the populations of Latin American nations. Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent years.
[edit] Risks in international trade
The risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups