onthemargin经济学

㈠ at the margin，on the margin，in the margin有何不同

The village is situated at the margin of a forest.
村子位于森林来的边缘源

He made some notes in the margin.
他在页边空白处做笔记。

They were an old couple living on the margin of respectability.
他们是一对老夫妻,过着几乎是不太体面的日子。

㈡ 微观经济学的十大原理是什么

1.人们面临权衡取舍 People face tradeoffs

2.某些东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃东西 The cost of something is what you give up to get it

3.理性人考虑边际量 Rational people think at the margin

4.人们会对激励作出反应 People respond to incentives

人们如何相互交易How people interact

5.贸易能使每个人的状况变得更好Trade can make everyone better off

6.市场通常是组织经济活动的一种最好方法Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity

7.政府有时可以改善市场结果Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes

整个经济如何运行 How the economy as a whole works

8.一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力A country's standard of living depends on its ability to proce goods and services

9.当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升Prices rise when the government prints too much money

10.社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment

㈢ 经济学中的“边际”一词是什么意思边际效用、边际产量、边际成本、边际收益。。。。。。

边际效用按定义讲是指“在一定时间内消费者增加一个单位商品或服务所带版来的新增效用，也就是总权效用的增量。”(见网络的相应条目)
之所以会感到难于理解“边际”这个词，是因为不太熟悉它的原文Margin。在商务运作中，外国人常说某种产品的Margin是多少，类似我们说的“毛利润”。但Margin与毛利润(Gross profit)在英语中不同。Gross profit通常指税前利润，也就是说，这部分产品增值已经是利润了，只是没有交税而已。但国内一般说毛利润时，还没有减去各种费用。
所以，可以看出，问题缓信出在对Margin的翻译上。margin准确的翻译应该是增量。如果用图表来表示，这部分增量永远处于某正常曲线上方的位置，可以形象地翻译成边际。只是边际这个词没有明确显示出增量的意义，这是则哪液这个词的翻译的遗憾。
经济学中我最欣赏的是通货膨胀这个翻译，原文inflation太过简单，仅仅孙物是指上涨。我曾在网络知道上询问历史上是谁翻译的或最先使用的，没有得到结果。

㈣ 看曼昆的经济学原理，他讲的一个边际的例子没看懂。

航空公司飞行一趟的成本主要是燃油费、机场服务费、飞机折旧等，这些费用构成了版一趟航权班的主要成本，可能占90%，而对乘客的服务产生的费用其实是很少的。而增加一个乘客对燃油费、机场服务费等主要费用是没有影响的，也就是说这些飞行的主要费用在飞行之前基本已经确定了，不会因乘客数量而发生变化。假设飞行一趟的成本是100000，共200个乘客，平均成本就是500，假设现在新增一个乘客，新增加的成本其实就是送他一点食物——苏打水之类的，这就是边际成本。你说的那个500是平均成本而不是边际成本。
边际成本指的是每一单位新增生产的产品（或者购买的产品）带来到总成本的增量。

㈤ 经济学中的边际margin是什么概念

边际（margin），就是指边缘、额外、追加之意。它被人们用来揭示两个具有因果或相关关系的经济变量之间的动态函数关系。当某一经济函数中的自变量发生一个微小单位的数量变化时，因变量因此而发生的相应的数量变化值，被称为该因变量的边际值。

经济学家把所研究的各种变量分为自变量和因变量，自变量是最初变动的量，因变量是由于自变量变动而引起变动的量。边际分析就是分析自变量变动与因变量变动的关系。自变量变动所引起的因变量变动量称为边际量。在考虑一个决策时，重要的是考虑边际量，因此，要运用边际分析法。

边际产量（Marginal proct）

是指增加一单位生产要素所增加的产量，边际成本是指增加一单位产量所增加的总成本。假设商品x的生产要素有两种：A和B ，当B保持不变，增加一单位的生产要素A，可以带来产量增加1，（比如A是劳力，B是机器设备）此时的边际成本是市场上一单位生产要素A的价格。

假如增加A带来的是产量是增加2，则相应的边际成本是1/2生产要素A的价格。

(5)onthemargin经济学扩展阅读：

边际产量当增加一个单位产量所增加的收入（单位产量售价）高于边际成本时，是合算的；反之，就是不合算的。所以，任何增加一个单位产量的收入不能低于边际成本，否则必然会出现亏损；只要增加一个产量的收入能高于边际成本，即使低于总的平均单位成本，也会增加利润或减少亏损。

因此计算边际成本对制订产品决策具有重要的作用。微观经济学理论认为，当产量增至边际成本等于边际收入时，为企业获得其最大利润的产量。

㈥ 曼昆经济学原理中的一条：理性人考虑边际量。求各位大神给一个可以用这条原理分析的案例，最好附上分析。

英文版的案例，不明白的话直接用翻译把英文翻译成中文。
PRINCIPLE #3: RATIONAL PEOPLE THINK AT THE MARGIN

Decisions in life are rarely black and white but usually involve shades of gray.
When it’s time for dinner, the decision you face is not between fasting or eating
like a pig, but whether to take that extra spoonful of mashed potatoes. When exams
roll around, your decision is not between blowing them off or studying 24
hours a day, but whether to spend an extra hour reviewing your notes instead of
watching TV. Economists use the term marginal changes to describe small incremental
adjustments to an existing plan of action. Keep in mind that “margin”
means “edge,” so marginal changes are adjustments around the edges of what you
are doing.
In many situations, people make the best decisions by thinking at the margin.
Suppose, for instance, that you asked a friend for advice about how many years to
stay in school. If he were to compare for you the lifestyle of a person with a Ph.D.
to that of a grade school dropout, you might complain that this comparison is not
helpful for your decision. You have some ecation already and most likely are
deciding whether to spend an extra year or two in school. To make this decision,
you need to know the additional benefits that an extra year in school would offer
(higher wages throughout life and the sheer joy of learning) and the additional
costs that you would incur (tuition and the forgone wages while you’re in school).
By comparing these marginal benefits and marginal costs, you can evaluate whether
the extra year is worthwhile.
As another example, consider an airline deciding how much to charge passengers
who fly standby. Suppose that flying a 200-seat plane across the country costs
the airline $100,000. In this case, the average cost of each seat is $100,000/200,
which is $500. One might be tempted to conclude that the airline should never
sell a ticket for less than $500. In fact, however, the airline can raise its profits by
thinking at the margin. Imagine that a plane is about to take off with ten empty
seats, and a standby passenger is waiting at the gate willing to pay $300 for a seat.
Should the airline sell it to him? Of course it should. If the plane has empty seats,
the cost of adding one more passenger is minuscule. Although the average cost of
flying a passenger is $500, the marginal cost is merely the cost of the bag of peanuts
and can of soda that the extra passenger will consume. As long as the standby passenger
pays more than the marginal cost, selling him a ticket is profitable.
As these examples show, indivials and firms can make better decisions by
thinking at the margin. A rational decisionmaker takes an action if and only if the
marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal cost.

㈦ 初读经济学书籍，有个问题不懂。边际利益是什么意思，我想了好久都不明白。

经济学中的有个抄原理是：理性的人思考边际量（ Rational people think at the margin ）。边际概念指的是每增加一单位的某种产品或者服务的对使用人总效用的影响。相当于微积分中的导数。

㈧ 怎么理解曼昆经济学原理的这句话

Principle #1: People face tradeoffs 原理1：人们面临权衡取舍

Translation: Choices are bad 解释： 选择是错误的

The reasoning behind this translation is obvious. For example, imagine that somebody comes up to you and offers you a choice between a Snickers bar and some M&Ms. You now have a tradeoff, meaning that you have to choose one or the other. And having to trade one thing off against another is bad; President Truman supposedly asked for a one-armed economics advisor because his two-armed economics advisors were always saying, “On the one hand...but on the other hand...”

这种解释的原因其实是显而易见的。例如，想象一下，某个人让你在士力架巧克力棒与M&Ms的巧克力产品之间做个选择。现在你面临着权衡取舍，意味着你只能选择其中一个。这种须放弃其一的不得已选择是痛苦的; 想必杜鲁门总统很需要一位独臂的经济学顾问因为他的双臂经济学顾问经常是“一方面……但另一方面……”

People who have not received any economics ecation might be tempted to think that choices are good. They aren't. The (mistaken) idea that choices are good perhaps stems from the (equally mistaken) idea that lack of choices is bad. This is simply not true, as Mancur Olson points out in his book, The Logic of Collective Action: “To say situation is ‘lost’ or hopeless is in one sense equivalent to saying it is perfect, for in both cases efforts at improvement can bring no positive results.”

没有学过经济学知识的人可能会认为选择是快乐的。实则不然，之所以有认为选择是快乐的(误解的)想法，也许是因为他们误认为缺乏选择才是痛苦的。这种绝对是正确的，如曼瑟尔