工业革命对英国社会经济的影响

A. 第一次工业革命对英国社会的影响

The instrial Revolution turned Britain into the workshop of the world.
The instrial Revolution simplified the class structure in Britain.
The instrial Revolution pushed the middle class(the instrial and commercial classes ) to the dominant position in the country.

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急求: 英国工业革命对世界的影响~~~ 是英文的最好~~
悬赏分：20 - 解决时间：2006-11-28 19:46
是英文的最好~~ 不分第一次 第2次
问题补充：英语的需要500多字 麻烦大家各自发表下 也可贴中文的 谢谢了~~
提问者： 哓嫒 - 试用期 一级
最佳答案
The Instrial Revolution may be defined as the application of power-driven machinery to manufacturing. It had its beginning in remote times, and is still continuing in some places. In the eighteenth century all of western Europe began to instrialize rapidly, but in England the process was most highly accelerated. England's head start may be attributed to the emergence of a number of simultaneous factors.

Britain had burned up her magnificent oak forests in its fireplaces, but large deposits of coal were still available for instrial fuel. There was an abundant labor supply to mine coal and iron, and to man the factories. From the old commercial empire there remained a fleet, and England still possessed colonies to furnish raw materials and act as captive markets for manufactured goods. Tobacco merchants of Glasgow and tea merchants of London and Bristol had capital to invest and the technical know-how derived from the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century. Last, but not least important, the insularity of England saved instrial development from being interrupted by war. Soon all western Europe was more or less instrialized, and the coming of electricity and cheap steel after 1850 further speeded the process.

I. The Agricultural Revolution
The English countryside was transformed between 1760 and 1830 as the open-field system of cultivation gave way to compact farms and enclosed fields. The rotation of nitrogen-fixing and cereal crops obviated the necessity of leaving a third or half the land fallow each planting. Another feature of the new farming was the cultivation of turnips and potatoes. Jethro Tull (1674-1741) and Lord Townshend popularized the importance of root crops. Tull's most original contributions were the seed drill and horse hoe. The seed drill allowed a much greater proportion of the seed to germinate by planting it below the surface of the ground out of reach of the birds and wind. ''Turnip'' Townshend was famous for his cultivation of turnips and clover on his estate of Raynham in Norfolk.

He introced the four-course rotation of crops:

wheat
turnips
oats or barley
clover.
Robert Bakewell (1725-1795) pioneered in the field of systematic stock breeding. Prior to this, sheep had been valued for wool and cattle for strength; Bakewell showed how to breed for food quality. Bakewell selected his animals, inbred them, kept elaborate genealogical records, and maintained his stock carefully. He was especially successful with sheep, and before the century's end his principle of inbreeding was well established. Under Bakewell's influence, Coke of Holkham in Norfolk not only improved his own farms, but every year held ''sheep shearings'' to which farmers from all over Europe came for instruction and the exchange of knowledge.

Propaganda for the new agriculture was largely the work of Arthur Young. In 1793 the Board of Agriculture was established, and Arthur Young was its secretary. Although a failure as a practical farmer, he was a great success as a publicist for scientific agriculture. Even George III ploughed some land at Buckingham Palace and asked his friends to call him ''Farmer George.''

II. Technological Change since 1700
The technological changes of the eighteenth century did not appear suddenly. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the methods of making glass, clocks, and chemicals advanced markedly. By 1700 in England, and by 1750 in France, the tendency of the state and the guilds to resist instrialization was weakening. In fact, popular interest in instrialization resembled the wave of enthusiasm elicited by experimental agriculture.

By the beginning of the eighteenth century in England, the use of machines in manufacturing was already widespread. In 1762 Matthew Boulton built a factory which employed more than six hundred workers, and installed a steam engine to supplement power from two large waterwheels which ran a variety of lathes and polishing and grinding machines. In Staffordshire an instry developed which gave the world good cheap pottery; chinaware brought in by the East India Company often furnished a model. Josiah Wedgewood (1730-1795) was one of those who revolutionized the proction and sale of pottery. From 1700 on, the Staffordshire potters used waterwheels or windmills to turn machines which ground and mixed their materials. After 1850 machinery was used extensively in the pottery-making process. The price of crockery fell, and eating and drinking consequently became more hygienic.

The textile instry had some special problems. It took four spinners to keep up with one cotton loom, and ten persons to prepare yarn for one woolen weaver. Spinners were busy, but weavers often had to be idle for lack of yarn. In 1733 John Kay, a Lancashire mechanic, patented his flying shuttle. Weaving could then be done more quickly, but it still was delayed until yarn was available in more abundance. In 1771 Richard Arkwright's ''water frame'' was procing yarn. About the same time, James Hargreaves (d. 1778) patented a spinning jenny on which one operator could spin many threads simultaneously. Then in 1779 Samuel Crompton combined the jenny and the water frame in a machine known as ''Crompton's mule,'' which proced quantities of fine, strong yarn. The yarn famine had come to an end.

Between 1780 and 1860 other textile processes were mechanized. In 1784 a machine was patented which printed patterns on the surface of cotton or linen by means of rollers. In 1894 Northrup proced an automatic loom, and when the power loom became efficient, women replaced men as weavers, although there were still hand weavers in the paisley shawl trade as late as 1850. By 1812 the cost of making cotton yarn had dropped nine-tenths, and by 1800 the number of workers needed to turn wool into yarn had been reced by four-fifths. And by 1840 the labor cost of making the best woolen cloth had fallen by at least half.

A. The Steam Engine
The steam engine provided a landmark in the instrial development of Europe. The first modern steam engine was built by an engineer, Thomas Newcomen, in 1705 to improve the pumping equipment used to eliminate seepage in tin and copper mines. Newcomen's idea was to put a vertical piston and cylinder at the end of a pump handle. He put steam in the cylinder and then condensed it with a spray of cold water; the vacuum created allowed atmospheric pressure to push the piston down. In 1763 James watt, an instrument-maker for Glasgow University, began to make improvements on Newcomen's engine. He made it a reciprocating engine, thus changing it from an atmospheric to a true "steam engine." He also added a crank and flywheel to provide rotary motion.

In 1774 the instrialist Michael Boulton took Watt into partnership, and their firm proced nearly five hundred engines before Watt's patent expired in 1800. Water power continued in use, but the factory was now liberated from the streamside. A Watt engine drove Robert Fulton's experimental steam vessel Clermont up the Hudson in 1807.

B. Electric Power
It was not until 1873 that a dynamo capable of prolonged operation was developed, but as early as 1831 Michael Faraday demonstrated how electricity could be mechanically proced. Through the nineteenth century the use of electric power was limited by small proctive capacity, short transmission lines, and high cost. Up to 1900 the only cheap electricity was that proced by generators making use of falling water in the mountains of southeastern France and northern Italy. Italy, without coal resources, soon had electricity in every village north of Rome. Electric current ran Italian textile looms and, eventually, automobile factories. As early as 1890 Florence boasted the world's first electric streetcar.

The electrification of Europe proceeded apace in the twentieth century. Russia harnessed the Dneiper River and the Irish Free State built power plants on the River Shannon. Germany was supplied with electricity in the 1920's, and by 1936 Great Britain had built an ''electric grid'' completely covering the country. Electricity was a major factor in the phenomenally rapid instrialization of Russia in the 1930's.

C. Railroads
The coming of the railroads greatly facilitated the instrialization of Europe. At mid.eighteenth century the plate or rail track had been in common use for moving coal from the pithead to the colliery or furnace. After 1800 flat tracks were in use outside London, Sheffield, and Munich. With the expansion of commerce, facilities for the movement of goods from the factory to the ports or cities came into pressing demand. In 1801 Richard Trevithick had an engine pulling trucks around the mine where he worked in Cornwall. By 1830 a railway was opened from Liverpool to Manchester; and on this line George Stephenson's ''Rocket'' pulled a train of cars at fourteen miles an hour.

The big railway boom in Britain came in the years 1844 to 1847. The railway builders had to fight vested interests-for example, canal stockholders, turnpike trusts, and horse breeders-but by 1850, aided by cheap iron and better machine tools, a network of railways had been built. By midcentury railroad trains travelling at thirty to fifty miles an hour were not uncommon, and freight steadily became more important than passengers. After 1850 in England the state had to intervene to regulate what amounted to a monopoly of inland transport. But as time went on the British railways developed problems. The First World War (1914-1918) found them suffering from overcapitalization, rising costs, and state regulation.

British success with steam locomotion, however, was enough to encourage the building of railroads in most European countries, often with British capital, equipment, and technicians. Railroads became a standard item of British export. After 1842 France began a railroad system which combined private and public enterprise. The government provided the roadbed and then leased it to a private company which provided the equipment. In Russia, Canada, and the United States, railways served to link communities separated by vast distances. In Germany there were no vast empty spaces, but railroads did help to affect political and economic integration.

D. Advances in Transportation
The internal combustion engine was developed in Europe before 1900, but in the American automobile it came into its own. By mid-twentieth century, middle-class and working-class people owned automobiles in Europe as well as in the United States, and the motorcar began to transform social patterns. It has been said with some truth that Americans in the twentieth century carried on a love affair with their automobiles; certainly motorcars were marketed as sex and status symbols. But at the same time, the growth of the automobile instry created large fields for investment, proced new types of service occupations, and revolutionized road-making. This was true in western Europe as well as in America after the Second World War.

The First World War saw the beginning of commercial aviation. Germany's geographical position and the ban on military aircraft imposed by the peace treaty led to the development of civilian airlines. By 1929 commercial planes were flying out of the European capitals to all important places on the globe. And the day was not far off when airplanes were to eclipse railroad trains as commercial passenger carriers.

E. The Steamship
At the beginning of the nineteenth century the steam-driven ship appeared on the horizon. From 1770 onward various men had experimented with engines in boats in England, Scotland, and the United States. When Robert Fulton's Clermont travelled up the Hudson to Albany, tradition has it, people on the bank seeing the sparks from the smokestack thought the Devil had gone by on a raft. In 1811 Bell built the Comet and ran it for eight years between Glasgow and a port twenty-five miles distant. Two basic economic problems in connection with steam vessels soon came to light. First, the self-propelled ship was more expensive to build and operate than sailing vessels; and second, its boiler and machinery were so bulky that there was little room left for passengers. The technical problems were solved shortly, but the economic aspects took more time. Yet the steamship had some undeniable advantages: lt could not be becalmed, it was not helpless in a storm, and it could arrive and depart under its own power. By the 1840's the North Atlantic was crossed regularly by steamship.

In 1839 Sir Samuel Cunard secured from the British government a contract to carry mails between Liverpool, Halifax, and Boston. The run was a great success, and soon Cunard was operating a regular schele. The tremendous growth of steamship traffic in the last half of the nineteenth century was accompanied by significant improvements in hull design, engines, and fuel. By 1839 the propellor had replaced the paddle wheel, steel replaced iron in the hull, and multi-cylinder engines became available. After 1920 the diesel engine, much smaller and lighter than a steam unit of equal power, marked another major changeover.

III. Communications
A penny post on all letters was inaugurated in Britain in 1840 after it was discovered that handling, not the distance sent, was the critical cost in delivering mall. All letters weighing a half-ounce or less could be carried for an English penny (two cents). By 1875 the Universal Postal Union had been established to facilitate the transmission of mail between foreign countries. In 1871 telegraph cables reached from London to Australia; massages could be flashed halfway around the globe in a matter of minutes, speeding commercial transactions.

Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 transmitted the human voice over a wire, although it was several decades before the telephone became popular. At the end of the century the wireless telegraph became a standard safety device on oceangoing vessels. Radio did not come until 1920; then it was commercially exploited in America to a much greater extent than in Europe. In Europe the broadcasting systems were either operated or closely controlled by the state and did not carry commercial advertising. The world continued to shrink at a great rate as new means of transport and communication speeded the pace of life.

IV. Changing Social Patterns
The Instrial Revolution brought with it an increase in population and urbanization, as well as new social classes. The increase in population was nothing short of dramatic. England and Germany showed a growth rate of something more than one percent annually; at this rate the population would double in about seventy years. In the United States the increase was more than three percent, which might have been disastrous had it not been for a practically empty continent and fabulous natural resources. Only the population of France tended to remain static after the eighteenth century. The general population increase was aided by a greater supply of food made available by the Agricultural Revolution, and by the growth of medical science and public health measures which decreased the death rate and added to the population base.

Until the Instrial Revolution, most of the world's population was rural. However, by mid-nineteenth century, half of the English people lived in cities, and by the end of the century, the same was true of other European countries. Between 1800 and 1950 most large European cities exhibited spectacular growth. At the beginning of the nineteenth century there were scarcely two dozen cities in Europe with a population of 100,000, but by 1900 there were more than 150 cities of this size. The rise of great cities can be accounted for in various ways:

First, instrialization called for the concentration of a work force; and indeed, the factories themselves were often located where coal or some other essential material was available, as the Ruhr in Germany and Lille in northern France.

Second, the necessity for marketing finished goods created great urban centers where there was access to water or railways. Such was the case with Liverpool, Hamburg, Marseilles, and New York.

And third, there was a natural tendency for established political centers such as London, Paris, and Berlin to become centers fort he banking and marketing functions of the new instrialism.

Rapid growth of the cities was not an unmixed blessing. The factory towns of England tended to become rookeries of jerry-built tenements, while the mining towns became long monotonous rows of company-built cottages, furnishing minimal shelter and little more. The bad living conditions in the towns can be traced to lack of good brick, the absence of building codes, and the lack of machinery for public sanitation. But, it must be added, they were also e to the factory owners' tendency to regard laborers as commodities and not as a group of human beings.

In addition to a new factory-owning bourgeoisie, the Instrial Revolution created a new working class. The new class of instrial workers included all the men, women, and children laboring in the textile mills, pottery works, and mines. Often skilled artisans found themselves degraded to routine process laborers as machines began to mass proce the procts formerly made by hand. Generally speaking, wages were low, hours were long, and working conditions unpleasant and dangerous. The instrial workers had helped to pass the Reform Bill of 1832, but they had not been enfranchised by it.
回答者：考拉小巫 - 见习魔法师 二级 11-26 20:37
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B. 工业革命对英国的影响

1、引起社会结构的重大变革，使社会日益分裂为两大对立阶级——工业资产阶级和无产阶级；
2、自由主义取代了重商主义；
3、标志世界市场的初步形成；
4、促进近代城市的兴起，城市进程加快，人口迅速增长，人们生活方式和思想观念发生改变；
5、中英鸦片战争，使中国开始沦为半殖民地半封建社会。
(2)工业革命对英国社会经济的影响扩展阅读
工业革命首先出现于工厂手工业最为发达的棉纺织业。
1733年，机械师凯伊发明了“飞梭”，大大提高了织布的速度，纺纱顿时，供不应求。
1765年，织工哈格里夫斯发明了“珍妮纺织机”的出现首先在棉纺织业引发了发明机器，进行技术革新的连锁反应，揭开了工业革命的序幕。
从此，在棉纺织业中出现了螺机、水力织布机等先进机器。不久，在采煤、冶金等许多工业部门，也都陆续有了机器生产。随着机器生产越来越多，原有的动力如，蓄力、水力和风力等已经无法满足需要。
1785年，瓦特制成的改良型蒸汽机的投入使用，提供了更加便利的动力，得到迅速推广，大大推动了机器的普及和发展。人类社会由此进入了“蒸汽时代”。
随着工业生产中机器生产逐渐取代手工操作，传统的手工业无法适应机器生产的需要，为了更好地进行生产管理，提高效率，资本家开始建造工房，安置机器雇佣工人集中生产，这样，一种新型的生产组织形式—工厂出现了。
工厂成为工业化生产的最主要组织形式，发挥着日益重要的作用。机器生产的发展，促进了交通运输事业的革新，为了快捷便利地运送货物、原料，人们想方设计地改造交通工具。
参考资料来源：网络-工业革命

C. 工业革命给英国带来了什么影响

随着英国君主立宪制的确立，加速了圈地运动，产生了大批无产者。同时海内外贸易和殖容民地的开发，使大量财富集中到英国资产阶级手中。另外经典力学、热力学等学科的理论创新也为工业革命带来了契机。 工业革命从英国开始不是偶然的，这是有深刻政治前提、社会经济前提和科学技术前提的。17 世纪中期的英国资产阶级革命，推翻了英国的封建专制制度，建立了资产阶级和土地贵族联盟为基础的君主立宪制度，从而成为世界上第一个确立资产阶级政治统治的国家。资产阶级利用国家政权加速推行发展资本主义的政策和措施，促进了工业革命各种前提条件的迅速形成。

D. 工业革命对英国的经济发展有什么影响

工业革命使英国从手工工场向机器大生产转变,生产效率跃居世界第一,成为世界工厂专.同时属由于革命使英国对市场的需求大为扩展,对货币原料的需求猛增,开始在世界范围内寻找产品原料产地和倾销市场
随着英国君主立宪制的确立，加速了圈地运动，产生了大批无产者。同时海外贸易和殖民地的开发，使大量财富集中到英国资产阶级手中。另外经典力学、热力学等学科的理论创新也为工业革命带来了契机。 工业革命从英国开始不是偶然的，这是有深刻政治前提、社会经济前提和科学技术前提的。17 世纪中期的英国资产阶级革命，推翻了英国的封建专制制度，建立了资产阶级和土地贵族联盟为基础的君主立宪制度，从而成为世界上第一个确立资产阶级政治统治的国家。资产阶级利用国家政权加速推行发展资本主义的政策和措施，促进了工业革命各种前提条件的迅速形成。

E. 工业革命给英国带来了怎样的影响

1、引起社会结构的重大变革，使社会日益分裂为两大对立阶级——工业资产阶级和回无产阶级；

2、自由主义答取代了重商主义；

3、标志世界市场的初步形成；

4、促进近代城市的兴起，城市进程加快，人口迅速增长，人们生活方式和思想观念发生改变；

5、中英鸦片战争，使中国开始沦为半殖民地半封建社会。

(5)工业革命对英国社会经济的影响扩展阅读

（1）工业革命是资本主义发展史上的一个重要阶段，实现了从传统农业社会转向现代工业社会的重要变革。

（2）从生产技术方面来说，它使机器代替了手工劳动；工厂代替了手工工场。

（3)工业革命创造了巨大生产力，使社会面貌发生了翻天覆地的变化 。工业革命同时也是一场深刻的社会关系的变革。它使社会明显地分裂为两大对立的阶级──工业资产阶级和工业无产阶级。

（4）资本主义最终战胜了封建主义。

（5）率先完成工业革命的西方资本主义国家逐步确立起对世界的统治，世界形成了西方先进、东方落后的局面。

（6）带来了工业污染。

（7）开始了城市化进程。

（8）使弱小国家缓慢地走上了工业化进程。

F. 工业革命对英国社会产生了哪些影响

极大加快了资本主义的发展，使英国走上了工业化道路，增强了英国的综合国力，巩固了英国的世界霸主地位。

G. 英国工业革命对经济的积极和消极影响，详细

您好
其实英来国的工源业革命带来的是全球污染的开始，说的简单点的话是：政治手段加速对外扩张，开拓殖民地与新市场，资本家在国内地位越发重要，同时无产阶级势力也开始增大。经济是生产力快速发展，有能力垄断多个行业市场，供应及需求与日俱增（供应远超国内需求），整体水平不断上升，寻求更广阔的海外市场。

H. 工业革命对英国的影响是什么

1、大幅度地提高了社会生产力,丰富了人们的物质生活,巩固了资本主义各国的统治，资本主义生产制度最终取得了统治地位。

2、促进了新兴城市的产生,加快了城市化的进程。

3、促进了科学教育事业的发展和科学共产主义的诞生。

4、先进的生产技术和生产方式传播到世界各地,猛烈冲击着旧思想和旧制度，推动了世界工业化的进程。

5、引起了社会结构的重大变革,工业资产阶级逐渐成为资产阶级的主导部分，无产阶级也正式形成。

6、推动了世界市场的形成，为全球各地区、各国和各民族的沟通和未来全球一体化奠定了初步的基础。

源源不断地财富，又开启了英国人的金融改革。新的机构，象银行、股市开始组建，鼓励人们前去投资并从中受益。而这些财富，又反过来改变了多数英国人的生活方式。整整一个世纪，整个英国社会的国民生产总值翻了一翻。

(8)工业革命对英国社会经济的影响扩展阅读：

工业革命所引发的生产力的巨大飞跃,迫切需要广阔的市场，但英国工业的发展,在很大程度上还受着封建制度残余的影响和重商主义束缚，因此英国资产阶级迫切要求实现经济自由.而斯密的自由放任的经济学理论应运而生。

工业革命后，斯密的自由经济思变成了自由贸易政策,使资产阶级尤其是工业资产阶级得了雄厚的经济实力,工业资产阶级实力大大超过土地贵族和商业贵族而成为资产阶级的主体。

工业革命也引发了英国经济结构和人口结构的巨大变化:农业在英国国民经济中的比重下降到21%,农村人口在全国人口中的比重从18世纪的70%下降到1841年的22%,1851年仅占14.2%,到19世纪中叶,城市人口已超过全国总人口的50%,英国已从一个农业国变成一个工业国。

I. 工业革命对英国的经济有什么影响英国工业革命是如何引起中国历史发生转折的

英国工业革命或称作英国产业革命一般认为是18世纪发源于英格兰中部地区的工业革命。英国的工业革命影响了整个欧洲大陆，并带动了当时许多国家相继发生工业革命。
[编辑本段]背景
随着英国君主立宪制的确立，加速了圈地运动，产生了大批无产者。同时海外贸易和殖民地的开发，使大量财富集中到英国资产阶级手中。另外经典力学、热力学等学科的理论创新也为工业革命带来了契机。 工业革命从英国开始不是偶然的，这是有深刻政治前提、社会经济前提和科学技术前提的。17 世纪中期的英国资产阶级革命，推翻了英国的封建专制制度，建立了资产阶级和土地贵族联盟为基础的君主立宪制度，从而成为世界上第一个确立资产阶级政治统治的国家。资产阶级利用国家政权加速推行发展资本主义的政策和措施，促进了工业革命各种前提条件的迅速形成。
[编辑本段]历程
纺织工业
1733年机械师凯伊发明飞梭，大大提高了织布效率。
1764年-1767年纺织工哈格里夫斯发明珍妮纺纱机，提高了纺纱效率。
1769年钟表匠阿克莱特又发明了水力纺纱机，过了2年，他就在曼彻斯特建立了第一家棉纺厂。
1779年克工人隆普敦又结合两种纺纱机的优点发明了骡机（mule），后背改良成自动棉纺纱机。
1785年，牧师艾德蒙特?卡特莱特又发明了动力织布机，并且在1791年建造了第一座动力织布机工厂。随后其他纺织机器相继发明，实现了纺织行业的机械化生产。当时纺织的动力依靠水力，这限制了工业的发展，于是蒸汽机被发明出来。
1769年詹姆斯?瓦特根据前人的成果，成功发明了单向蒸汽机
1782年又制造出双向蒸汽机。蒸汽机的出现推动了工业革命的发展。
1800年，英国拥有蒸汽机321台、5210匹马力
1825年猛增到15000台，375000马力。
运输革新
1759年 - 1830年英格兰2200英里的运河。
1807年，美国人富尔敦发明了汽船
1811年英国也开始仿制。在陆路交通方面
1765年英国开始使用铁轨
1788年开始架设铁桥。
1814年史蒂芬逊发明蒸汽机车
1825年于英国的第一条铁路上试车成功。
1844年，英国铁路已经长达2235英里。
[编辑本段]影响
从生产技术方面来说，工业革命使工厂制代替了手工工场，用机器代替了手工，创造巨大生产力，人类进入蒸汽时代，英国成为“世界工厂”。
劳动：从社会关系来说，⒈工业革命使依附于落后生产方式的自耕农阶级消失了，工业资产阶级和工业无产阶级形成和壮大起来。
⒉工业革命使资本主义生产方式最终战胜封建生产方式
⒊转变了人们的思想观念和生活方式，大量农村人口涌向城市，推动城市化进程。
⒋人类从农业文明走向工业文明。
世界格局：造成先进的西方和落后的东方，使东方从属于西方，加快亚、非、拉落后地区的半殖民地化的进程。
对中国的影响：⒈英国发动两次鸦片战争，中国开始沦为半殖民半封建社会
⒉中国成为列强的商品倾销市场和原料掠夺地，被迫卷入世界资本主义市场。
⒊出现了先进的中国人开眼看世界，向西方学习的新思潮的萌发。
[编辑本段]意义
发源于英国而后波及欧美主要国家的第一次工业革命，具有划时代的历史意义，对人类社会的演进产生了空前深刻、巨大的影响。它为新生的资本主页制度奠定了坚实的物质基础，促使欧美诸国先后实现工业化，由农业国变成工业国。它为英国提供了历史机遇，利用工业化先发优势，确立了“世界工厂”的地位。工业革命给人类带来了进步和幸福，同时也使人类面临新的矛盾和挑战。
资本主义在它不到100年的时间里创造的生产力远远超过了以前几个世纪的总和。

J. 论第一次工业革命对英国经济的影响

1．第一次工业革命使生产力大大提高，市场上的商品越来越丰富，内巩固了资产阶级的统治地容位；
2．英国率先完成工业革命，成为世界上第一个工业国家，机器生产代替了手工劳动，科学技术发挥了越来越大的作用，工厂取代手工工场，彻底改变了传统生产方式；
3.。使英国的国力大大提高，称为当时世界头号强国，开启了“日不落帝国”时代，加速了英国的海外扩张，进一步促进了商品市场的扩大和劳动力、原料的获取。