1. 关于国际贸易的英语论文 急！
Protectionism Doesn't Pay The global financial crisis is no doubt a catalyst for trade protectionism. As the world economy deteriorates, some countries try to boost growth prospects by erecting trade barriers. China calls on these governments not to replay history and revert to protectionism and economic isolationism.
Previous global economic crises were usually accompanied by frequent trade disputes. The United States' erection of large-scale tariffs in 1930, for example, triggered a retaliatory global trade war. During the two oil shocks in the 1970s and 1980s, trade frictions emerged when major economies attempted to increase exports by depreciating their currencies. And in the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, there was a notable uptick in antimping actions, countervailing ties and other protectionist measures.
The financial crisis is now spilling over into the real economy, hitting sectors like manufacturing and services. In almost all countries, factories are closing and unemployment is rising, creating political pressure and social problems. More and more governments are strengthening intervention in their economies under the excuse of 'economic security' and protecting vulnerable domestic instries to curb imports from other countries, especially those in emerging markets.
Trade protectionism differs from legally acceptable measures to protect trade. It is an abuse of remedies provided by multilateral trade rules. This kind of protectionism is morphing into more complex and disguised forms, ranging from conventional tariff and nontariff barriers to technical barriers to trade, instry standards and instry protectionism.
With the economic crisis worsening, caution must be taken even in employing trade protection measures consistent with World Trade Organization rules. At the Group of 20 Financial Summit in November 2008, world leaders called for countries to resist trade protectionism and committed themselves to refraining from erecting new barriers to trade and investment, a message strongly echoed by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit at the end of last year, and the World Economic Forum held in Davos last month.
History tells us that trade protection measures hurt not only other countries, but eventually the country that erected that trade barrier in the first place.
To counter the Great Depression, the U.S. adopted the Smoot-Hawley Act in 1930, which raised import ties of over 20,000 foreign procts significantly and provoked protectionist retaliation from other countries. Faced with that crisis, other countries pursued beggar-thy-neighbor policies that slashed global trade volumes from $36 billion in 1929 to $12 billion in 1932. Among the victims, not the least was the U.S. itself, where exports shrank from $5.2 billion in 1929 to $1.2 billion in 1932. Even in the U.S., the Smoot-Hawley Act was widely believed to be a catalyst that aggravated the effects of Great Depression.
Global trade is now in dire straits. Thanks to shrinking external demand caused by the economic crisis, major trading countries have seen their export growth tumble or have suffered huge contractions. Germany's exports dropped 10.6% in November 2008, compared to the same period the prior year -- the highest one-month drop since 1990. China also experienced negative export growth in November, and a 17.5% decline last month, when compared to the prior year. Protectionist policies would make things even worse and the consequences would be hard to predict.
In the heat of the crisis, it's critical that all countries refrain from pointing fingers at each other or pursuing their own interests at the expense of others. The financial crisis reflects a chronic illness resulting from global economic structural imbalance and financial risk accumulation, and there is no quick fix to this malady. The fundamental interest of every country is to step up consultation and cooperation and keep international trade smoothly flowing. Healthy international trade can help revive the world economy. During the Great Depression, the U.S. recovered from its economic woes because the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration implemented the New Deal and shunned protectionism.
Today's unprecedented financial crisis has inflicted a severe impact on China and other countries as well. China's economic growth has slowed, exports have plunged and unemployment pressure has mounted. Yet even so, China still firmly believes that trade protectionism isn't a solution to the world's problems. In 2008, amid a contraction in global trade, China imported $1.133 trillion worth of goods from countries around the world -- an 18.5% increase over the prior year. These imports are boosting the economic development of China's trading partners. Since the crisis broke out, the Chinese government has decisively put forward a series of measures aiming at stimulating domestic demand. Given the size and openness of our country, the growth in China's domestic markets can be translated into greater market potential and investment opportunities for other countries. This year China will continue to increase imports and send buying missions abroad for large-scale purchase of equipment, procts and technology.
China has always championed our mutually beneficial opening-up policy and advocated international economic cooperation. We maintain that the Doha Round of global trade negotiations should be taken forward in a way that meets the interests of members and complies with the multilateral trading system already established. China is ready to stand together with all nations in the world to face up to the challenges of today, tackle the financial crisis through cooperation and guide the world economy into a new period of prosperity.
贸易保护主义无法拯救世界经济
对贸易保护主义来说，全球金融危机无疑是一针催化剂。近一时期，随着全球经济形势恶化，一些国家自危、自利、自保倾向抬头。有识之士为此感到忧虑，呼吁各国在出台经济刺激计划时，一定要防止贸易保护主义和经济孤立主义的历史重演。
历次全球经济危机往往都伴随着贸易争端的高发。1930年美国政府大范围提高关税，引发了全球范围报复性贸易战。上世纪七八十年代两次石油危机时，主要国家放任货币贬值以扩大出口的作法引发了贸易摩擦。1997年亚洲金融危机之后，全球反倾销、反补贴和保障措施案件明显增多。
当前，金融危机已蔓延到制造业、服务业等实体经济领域，各国工厂倒闭剧增，失业率上升，政治压力和社会问题接踵而至。越来越多国家以“经济安全”和保护本国虚弱产业为由加强政府对经济的干预，阻挠其他国家特别是新兴国家企业出口。
贸易保护主义不同于正当的贸易保护措施，它是对多边贸易规则中救济措施的滥用。从传统的关税和非关税壁垒，到技术性贸易壁垒、行业标准等，以及产业保护主义，当前贸易保护主义的形式更加复杂多样，隐蔽性更强。在危机加剧的背景下，即使符合WTO规则的保护措施也应慎用，这已成为各国共识。在2008年11月举行的G20金融峰会上，各国领导人同声呼吁抵制贸易保护主义，承诺在未来一年内，避免设置新的贸易和投资壁垒。年底的APEC领导人会议和今年初的世界经济论坛达沃斯年会，再次发出了反对保护主义强音。
历史是一面镜子。任何针对他国的贸易保护举措，不仅会损害对方，最终也会伤及自身。经验告诉我们，大规模的贸易保护措施将使金融危机下本已严峻的经济形势更加困难。
1930年美国为了应对经济危机，颁发了《斯姆特－霍利关税法》，大幅提高超过2万种外国商品的进口关税，结果引起了其他国家的贸易保护主义报复。面对危机，各国以邻为壑，全球贸易总额大幅缩减，从1929年的360亿美元缩小到1932年的120亿美元，美国自身也深受其害，出口总额从1929年的52亿美元左右缩减到1932年的12亿美元。这一法案即使在美国国内也被普遍认为是大萧条加剧的催化剂。
如今全球贸易形势已相当严峻：经济危机导致外需衰退，各主要贸易国的出口增速已急剧下滑，甚至出现大幅萎缩。德国08年11月份出口额较前月大幅下滑10.6%，为1990年以来的最大单月降幅。中国08年11月以来出口连续出现负增长，其中09年1月出口下降了17.5%。如果未来贸易保护主义泛滥，使严峻的形势雪上加霜，造成的后果很难预料。我们应该认真思索，这样的后果世界能否承受，又是否值得承受？
危机当头，重要的是各国携手共克时艰，而非互相指责，以邻为壑。金融危机是全球经济结构失衡、金融风险积聚长期积累的结果，解决问题也不可能一蹴而就。当前加强磋商、增强合作，保持国际贸易渠道畅通，才符合各国的根本利益。国际贸易的健康发展，是推动世界经济复苏的重要力量。当年罗斯福政府实行新政，与贸易保护主义决裂，带领美国经济走出低谷，推动了全球经济的增长。
在这场前所未有的世界金融危机中，中国与其他国家一样都受到严重冲击。去年第三季度以来，经济增速放缓，出口大幅下滑，就业压力加大。即便如此，中国仍坚定认为，贸易保护主义是条死胡同。在全球贸易萎缩的情况下，2008年中国从各国进口11331亿美元的商品，增长18.5％，促进了贸易伙伴的经济发展。危机爆发以来，中国政府果断出台了一系列扩大内需的措施。作为一个开放的大国，中国内需的提升可为其他国家提供更大的市场空间和更多的投资机会。今年，中国将继续扩大进口，积极组织企业采购团，赴海外大规模采购，进口设备、商品和技术。
中国始终奉行互利共赢的开放战略，倡导国际经济合作。我们主张积极推进符合各国利益与多边贸易体制的多哈回合谈判。中国愿与世界各国一道，以开放迎接挑战，以合作应对危机，共克时艰，推动世界经济走向新的繁荣。
2. 传给我国际贸易类英文论文
一、职业岗位（群）分析（一）行业发展现状近几年全国中小学不断扩招，社会力量办学方兴未艾, 对英语教师的需求日益增加。据三门峡市教育局预测未来5年每年至少需要新增英语教师120名。我市情况如此，河南省各地情况也基本相同。我市乡级初中，小学需要大量的具有较高学历，和专业水平的英语教师。（二）人才需求状况从目前我市目前的中小学教师结构来看，既具备较高的学历层次，又是针对中小学英语教育的专业教师很少。随着英语课在中小学的更加普及，和逐年学生人数的增多，本专业人才社会需求量大，就业形式好。（三）岗位（群）分析小学英语教师幼儿园双语教师英语培训学校的教师。二、职业核心能力1．具有扎实的英语语言基础和较熟练的听、说、读、写、译能力；2．掌握英国文学及相关英语国家社会和文化方面的基础知识；3．具有较好的汉语表达能力能力；4．具备必要的教育学和心理学知识。5．具备熟练的英语课堂教学技能。三、人才培养的基本要求和能力素质结构（一）人才培养的基本要求1. 德育：热爱社会主义祖国，拥护党的基本路线，了解马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想的基本原理，树立和落实科学发展观，具有爱国主义、集体主义、社会主义思想和良好的思想品德，具有创业精神、良好的职业道德。2. 智育：（1）掌握必须的公共文化基础理论，其中英语应通过CET四级或全国公共英语三级考试，计算机应通过全国计算机应用技术证书考试（NIT）（或取得相应的国家或行业等级证书）。（2）掌握必须的英语教育专业基础理论知识、英语教育专业知识（3）重点掌握从事英语教育工作所具备的核心能力和基本技能，毕业时具有普通话二级乙等证书和教师资格证。3. 体育：具有健全的体魄和良好的心理素质，学生体质健康达到合格标准。4. 美育：树立正确的审美观念，培养健康的审美情趣。（二）知识、能力、素质结构1．思想政治素质掌握马克思主义的基本原理，树立正确的世界观、人生观、价值观，具备坚定的政治立场和正确的政治态度和科学的审美价值观。2．创新素质 通过系统的学习，具备终身学习、接受新思维、观察、发现和想象、迁移和综合 、发挥群体智慧的组织和社交能力与素质。回答人的补充 2009-06-29 00:42
3．科学文化素质具备科学精神和科研精神，掌握较为宽广和扎实的人文知识，人文技能和人文精神，具有艺体劳等方面的基础知识和基本技能，具备终身学习，接受新思维的能力与素质。4. 专业素质（1）掌握6000个词汇，熟练掌握其中4500个词汇。（2）能听懂我国对外广播、外台的新闻报导和评述，以及国外人士用英语正常语速所做的有关政治、文化、教育、经贸方面的演讲或讲座。
3. 求一篇有关国际贸易的英文版论文
Investment
liberalization
and
international
trade
Abstract
This
paper
estimates
the
cross-price
elasticity
of
exports
with
respect
to
investment
costs
for
bilateral
relations
between
36
countries.
We
show
that
the
effect
of
recing
foreign
direct
investment
costs
on
exports
depends
on
country
characteristics
and
trade
costs
as
predicted
by
the
[Markusen,
1997
and
Markusen,
2002]
model.
When
countries
differ
in
relative
factor
endowments
and
trade
costs
are
low,
investment
liberalization
stimulates
exports,
whereas
when
countries
are
similar
in
terms
of
relative
factor
endowments
and
size,
and
trade
costs
are
moderate
to
high,
investment
liberalization
reces
exports.
Author
Keywords:
Exports;
Foreign
direct
investment;
International
trade;
Investment
costs;
Investment
liberalization
-----------
是一个PDF,你看看摘要,觉得可以我传你.
还有很多,反正就是关于international
trade..
4. 关于国际贸易的英语论文
你自己去网上查查不就好拉
5. 高分高分 求英文高手给一篇国际贸易的论文，，，1200字左右的。。。。英文论文。。。English。。。
研究国际贸易的发展趋势，是我国制定和完善出口发展战略的重要前提。
一、国际贸易的现状与前瞻
进入90年代后，由于世界格局发生了巨大变化，西方国家受周期性和结构性因素的影响而先后陷入衰退，再加上美元汇率的变化、国际债务、战争等因素的严重制约，国际贸易的增长速度连年下降，而且波动较大，国际贸易增长率从1989年的7％下降到1990年的5％，1991年又下降到3％，1992年上升到4．5％，1993年又降至2．5％，1994年回升到5％，1995年可望增长到7％左右，1996年后，增长速度还要加快。但不同国家和不同地区之间的发展是很不平衡的。
总的看，整个90年代国际贸易将处于一个新的增长期，其发展速度可达5％左右，不仅超过世界经济增长速度还将明显高于80年代（4％）的发展水平。国际商品市场对机电产品、运输设备、计算机、有色金属、石油、石化产品等的需求大幅度增长，价格上扬，其中制成品贸易将进一步扩大。初级产品贸易亦有明显好转，其绝对贸易额将不断增长，但在国际贸易中所占的比重却呈下降的趋势，下降幅度将小于80年代同类产品的水平，这种态势在今后几年内还将继续发展。90年代，国际贸易的基本走势是初期缓慢增长，中后期增速加快，其推动力主要来自西方国家的宏观调控措施。但是与产业结构变动直接关联的技术大周期正处在上升阶段，还没有重大突破，贸易保护主义的新发展以及发展中国家沉重的债务负担等因素的制约，国际贸易出现大幅度增长的可能性不大。
二、影响国际贸易发展的几个主要因素
（一）世界经济继续保持增长的势头
世界经济已摆脱连续4年的增长缓慢和不景气状态，并开始步入新一轮的经济上升周期，世界经济增长率在1991年下降到—0．4％的基础上，1992年提高到0．8％，1993年为1．7％，1994年上升到3．1％，预计1995年可达3．5％，90年代下半期大体可保持3％的增长率，略高于80年代2．9％的水平。
西方国家经济普遍复苏和发展，是世界经济好转的重要原因。美国经济在90年代下半期的增长率可能维持在3％左右。西欧经济增长率也从1993年0．4％的负增长，提高到1994年的2．6％，1995年可达2．9％，尔后几年，经济形势将进一步好转，并步入常规增长，年平均增长率将高于80年代。美国、西欧经济情况的进一步好转，有助于抑制日元升值的势头，并在一定程度上推动日本的出口，为日本摆脱经济衰退提供一个转机，使经济出现一些复苏的迹象。90年代下半期，日本经济增长率大体维持在3—3．5％，尽管高过美国和西欧，但仍低于80年代的水平。
国际贸易的发展及趋势
发布时间： 2003-7-21 作者：安和芬
研究国际贸易的发展趋势，是我国制定和完善出口发展战略的重要前提。
一、国际贸易的现状与前瞻
进入90年代后，由于世界格局发生了巨大变化，西方国家受周期性和结构性因素的影响而先后陷入衰退，再加上美元汇率的变化、国际债务、战争等因素的严重制约，国际贸易的增长速度连年下降，而且波动较大，国际贸易增长率从1989年的7％下降到1990年的5％，1991年又下降到3％，1992年上升到4．5％，1993年又降至2．5％，1994年回升到5％，1995年可望增长到7％左右，1996年后，增长速度还要加快。但不同国家和不同地区之间的发展是很不平衡的。
总的看，整个90年代国际贸易将处于一个新的增长期，其发展速度可达5％左右，不仅超过世界经济增长速度还将明显高于80年代（4％）的发展水平。国际商品市场对机电产品、运输设备、计算机、有色金属、石油、石化产品等的需求大幅度增长，价格上扬，其中制成品贸易将进一步扩大。初级产品贸易亦有明显好转，其绝对贸易额将不断增长，但在国际贸易中所占的比重却呈下降的趋势，下降幅度将小于80年代同类产品的水平，这种态势在今后几年内还将继续发展。90年代，国际贸易的基本走势是初期缓慢增长，中后期增速加快，其推动力主要来自西方国家的宏观调控措施。但是与产业结构变动直接关联的技术大周期正处在上升阶段，还没有重大突破，贸易保护主义的新发展以及发展中国家沉重的债务负担等因素的制约，国际贸易出现大幅度增长的可能性不大。
二、影响国际贸易发展的几个主要因素
（一）世界经济继续保持增长的势头
世界经济已摆脱连续4年的增长缓慢和不景气状态，并开始步入新一轮的经济上升周期，世界经济增长率在1991年下降到—0．4％的基础上，1992年提高到0．8％，1993年为1．7％，1994年上升到3．1％，预计1995年可达3．5％，90年代下半期大体可保持3％的增长率，略高于80年代2．9％的水平。
西方国家经济普遍复苏和发展，是世界经济好转的重要原因。美国经济在90年代下半期的增长率可能维持在3％左右。西欧经济增长率也从1993年0．4％的负增长，提高到1994年的2．6％，1995年可达2．9％，尔后几年，经济形势将进一步好转，并步入常规增长，年平均增长率将高于80年代。美国、西欧经济情况的进一步好转，有助于抑制日元升值的势头，并在一定程度上推动日本的出口，为日本摆脱经济衰退提供一个转机，使经济出现一些复苏的迹象。90年代下半期，日本经济增长率大体维持在3—3．5％，尽管高过美国和西欧，但仍低于80年代的水平。
在东盟经济部长第26届年会上，一致同意把建成东盟自由贸易区的时间，从原定15年缩短为10年，决定在2003年1月1日，把东盟内部工业品、农产品的关税降到0．5％。目前，亚太地区的“成长三角”，作为次区域经济合作的一种补充模式进展比较顺利。
为了推动亚太经济合作的发展，1995年2月16日，亚太经合组织举行高级官员“特别”会议，讨论地区贸易和投资的远景，并为今年11月在大阪召开部长级会议和第三届领导人会议准备议事日程，同时起草在2020年以前实现亚太地区贸易和投资的自由化“行动计划”。参加会议的官员一致认为议事日程应由贸易和投资自由化，以及经济和技术合作两部分组成。会议同意成立一个私营企业协调组。
（四）科学技术进步的加速
90年代是以微电子、生物技术、信息技术和新材料等领域为中心的高新技术、继续加速发展、而且日趋走向实用化、产业化的时代，随着高新技术的推广应用，国际化分工的深化，产品质量性能的不断提高，产品种类、规格的不断变化，产品的生产同期将大为缩短。由于产品的不断升级换代，必将促使各国的产业结构和经济结构向更高层次发展，使国际间的相互依赖和渗透进一步加深，从而推动国际商品范围和贸易量的不断扩大。使商品生产的内容、形式以及组织等方面都将发生变革。国际贸易的发展也越来越多地和新技术联在一起，使国际商品生产和贸易的原材料密度和粗放程度大为减少，而技术、知识密集度却大大提高。由于社会消费需求向多样化发展，通过商品交换，促进行业内部贸易的发展。
（五）跨国公司的蓬勃发展
进入90年代后，跨国公司发展尤为迅速，并正在不断改变着世界商品生产和流通的格局。目前，全球跨国公司约有1．2万家，控制着世界出口贸易总额的2／3，跨国公司内部贸易已占国际贸易的40％。随着生产国际化的新发展，跨国公司将在更大程度上控制着国际贸易、国际投资和技术转让等经济活动。制成品贸易，特别是高技术贸易和资本货物贸易在跨国公司内占的比重也将越来越大，在发达国家的制成品贸易中，由于规模经济的作用，使同一行业内部的双向性国际商品流动发展很快，并成为贸易效益的主要来源，据1992年有关部门的调查，发达国家的产业内贸易约占国际贸易的60％，新加坡、韩国、印度尼西亚等国的产业内贸易约占国际贸易的45％。
随着世界经济区域集团化的发展和新贸易保护主义的盛行，企业进入国外市场更为困难。为了绕过东道国的贸易壁垒，为了有利于降低研究、试制、生产成本，扩大市场，实现优势互补，从80年代起，一些大型跨国公司已开始走向无国界化，但是直到近几年，大企业间缔结国际战略联盟的工作才得到迅速发展。跨国公司联盟可以利用自身和他国的不同优势，通过生产要素的国际流动，在世界范围内实现资源的合理配置，共同获取最大的经济效益，推动国际贸易的发展。
三、国际贸易结构发生重大变化
（一）国际服务贸易蓬勃兴起
进入80年代后，服务贸易正以高于商品贸易的速度增长，国际服务贸易额从1982年的4050亿美元增加到1987年的9600亿美元，1992年又增加到10200亿美元，10年间增长1．5倍，同期，世界商品贸易额只增长1倍。1993年，世界商品贸易额比上年减少2％，而国际服务贸易额却增长3％。在国际服务贸易构成中，运输和旅游服务贸易所占的比重相对下降，通讯、保险、广告、技术、租赁、管理等服务贸易所占的比重在不断提高，尤其是高技术产品中的附加值的不断增加，其商品也越来越趋向于服务密集型。
发达国家的经济越来越“服务化”，在国际服务贸易中，发达国家约占3／4的份额。美国是世界最大的服务贸易出口国，在电信、数据处理、银行、保险等新兴服务项目中具有明显优势。世界许多国家出于自身的经济安全考虑，对服务贸易实行保护主义政策，普遍构筑了贸易壁垒，对美国服务贸易的扩大构成强大的威胁，因此，几年前，美国就向关贸总协定提出要求解决服务贸易的问题。乌拉圭回合经过多年的谈判，终于达成服务贸易多边框架协定，规定缔约方所承担的一般义务与纪律，包括最惠国待遇、透明度、国民待遇、发展中国家的逐步参与、市场准入、解决争议等条款。服务贸易多边框架的制定，是关贸总协定在推动国际贸易自由化发展问题上的一个重大突破，它将使缔约方对服务市场的保护与多边谈判，加强人员交往与信息流通，特别是知识产权、技术转让、数据处理、咨询、广告等服务行业的贸易逐步自由化，有利于加速国际贸易的发展。
（二）环保产品风靡全球
1992年，联合国“环境与发展会议”，大大增强了世界人民的环保意识，对人类健康无害的绿色食品、绿色冰箱、绿色空调、绿色电脑、绿色汽车等绿色产品的需求量明显上升，从而推动了电器、能源、建筑、石化等工业部门的变革，防治污染、节能、信息服务等将形成一个新兴的庞大产业。北美、西欧的环保技术已占据国际市场的60％，据西方7个工业国的调查，抵制非环保产品的人数约占总人数的79％，这表明绿色商品在国际市场上已占主导地位，而且市场前景非常广阔。
为了解决与贸易有关的环境问题，1993年12月15日，在乌拉圭回合的贸易谈判委员会议上，通过一项“关于贸易与环境”的决议，决定起草一份贸易与环境的工作方案，并制定有关贸易与环境措施之间增强相互作用的规则，监督用于环境目的的贸易措施，以及与贸易有关的环保措施。随着国际社会环保意识的增强，在国际援助和国际投资中，环保工程倍受重视。当前，许多国家不仅陆续推出严格的环保法规，而且在进出口贸易中，无论是工业国家还是“新兴工业国家”，大都制定“环保产品优先”的原则，美国克林顿总统明确提出：对环保产品要制定出口优惠政策；欧洲联盟已制定“绿色输入”政策；东盟国家决定对环保产品征收低关税；这对国际贸易的发展将产生深远的影响。
四、国际贸易方式正处在变革中
（一）无纸贸易逐步盛行
无纸贸易（简称EDI），是利用电子数据交换代替传统的纸面单据进行贸易活动，将标准的经济信息通过通讯网络，在商业伙伴的计算机之间进行传输和处理，以实现买卖双方交易的目的。在国际贸易活动中利用EDI，可以大量减少甚至消除在传统贸易过程中的各种纸面文件和单据，避免数据的重复输入，简化工作程序，这不仅能加快信息的反馈速度，可及时得到大量的商业信息，减少差错，降低成本，提高效率，便于管理，在激烈的市场竞争中，还可提供更有利于企业的贸易机会和条件。
无纸贸易始于60年代，但到80年代才逐步扩展到国际贸易领域。从1992年开始，美国的进出口贸易报关都采用EDI；日本结合EDI的应用开发了“战略信息系统（SIS）”；韩国也建立了EDI服务系统——韩国贸易网（KT—NET）；我国政府已成立“中国促进EDI应用协调委员会”，负责推动EDI的应用工作；联合国也提出了应用EDI的贸易服务促进项目——ET2000年，联合国国际贸易法委员会（UNCITRAL）正在制定有关EDI应用的国际法，为EDI在全球范围内普及使用创造条件。
（二）管理贸易发展迅速
管理贸易具体讲是指一国政府从国家的宏观经济利益和国内外政策需要出发，对外贸活动进行的行政管理和干预。对国际经济组织来讲就是对国际经济的协调管理。
进入90年代后，由于国际市场竞争激烈，工业国家争夺市场份额的斗争越来越尖锐，对资本主义世界经济体系形成强烈的冲击，有关国家出于经济利益的相关性，都认识到加强国际经济协调十分必要。发展中国家通过产业结构和经济结构的调整，以及实施改革开放政策，有力地促进经济的发展，韩国、新加坡、香港、台湾等新兴工业化国家和地区的汽车、家电、服装、电子等商品，已开始与发达国家争夺国际市场份额，发达国家为了保护传统产业的发展，采取了不少的管理贸易措施；随着世界经济区域集团化趋势的进一步加强，各区域经济集团为了保护区内市场，在逐步拆除妨碍商品和生产要素自由流动的各种障碍的同时，对外实行排斥，使新贸易保护主义抬头，各集团之间的非公平垄断竞争和矛盾加剧，非成员国也感到自己的贸易空间在不断缩小，为了扩大出口，保护市场，需要加强对贸易的单边管理和与集团之间的贸易协调管理；随着生产国际化的新发展，跨国公司既需要采取自由贸易，消除对外经济扩张的一切限制，同时也需要借助国家干预外贸来提高竞争力，以保护某些产业免遭外国垄断组织的侵害，因此，90年代管理贸易将得到迅速发展。
五、发展对外贸易的几点思考
90年代，国际贸易发展的总趋势，对我国出口贸易的发展是机遇和挑战并存。
其机遇主要是：1．有利于扩大出口。国际贸易的持续增长，标志着国际市场需求的稳步扩大，为我国出口贸易的发展，提供一个比较有利的国际环境，有利于扩大出口。2．有利于调整出口商品结构。在国际贸易中，制成品特别是资本货物（电器、非电气的机械及运输设备）和高新技术、信息、智能等“软件贸易”占的比重将不断上升，这有利于我国调整出口商品结构，加快发展制成品的出口。
其挑战主要表现在：1．增加了我国出口贸易的障碍，而且出口的劳动密集型产品，将面临着更激烈的国际市场竞争。2．增加了我国引进外资和先进技术的难度，独联体和东欧国家在不久的将来，可能成为我国的竞争对手。
为使机遇变成现实，充分利用国际环境中的有利因素，我国应采取下列措施：
1．实行全球性的信息战略。建立健全全球性的行销网络。在世界各地寻求市场机遇，推动外贸活动的开展。
2．根据国际市场需求，调整产业结构。特别要对无污染、附加值高、轻型化、多功能等市场发展潜力大的产品加以扶植，并作为经济发展的策略工业对待。
3．积极开展跨国经营。我国企业应跳出传统行业的单一产品生产框架，踊跃涉足其他新的领域，开展多种经营，积极参加跨行业的竞争。企业在开拓国际市场时，为了绕过对方的贸易壁垒，可以输出劳务，承包工程，以资本输出代替商品输出，开展跨国、跨地区经营，采取在东道国（地区）投资建厂、合资办厂、收买股份、兼并等手段，就地生产，就地销售。要鼓励有条件的大型企业发展跨国战略联盟。
4．进一步扩大市场开放度，加强法制，改善投资环境。
6. 急求求一篇国际贸易的作用的英文小论文，500字左右！！
国贸的可以帮你写哦
国际贸易（International Trade）也称通商，是指跨越国境的货品和服务交易，一般由进口贸易和出口贸易所组成，因此也可称之为进出口贸易。国际贸易也叫世界贸易。进出口贸易可以调节国内生产要素的利用率，改善国际间的供求关系，调整经济结构，增加财政收入等。
国际贸易专业属于经济学学科范畴，主要以经济学理论为依托，包括微观经济学、宏观经济学、国际经济学、计量经济学、世界经济学概论、政治经济学等
7. 求一篇有关国际经济与贸易的英语文章!
Today, the foreign trade of the country or region's economic development is playing an increasingly important role. one country to achieve rapid economic development of economy must learn to use both international and domestic market. foreign trade, by removing the rewards of resources optimization disposition. the trade of the analysis is usually divided into of analysis and the structural analysis, the total amount is to analyze questions from the angle, and the structural analysis from the perspective of the importance of examining trade act.And structure of foreign trade is a national or regional economic development and instrial structure and commodities in international competition, in the international division of labour and international trade in a comprehensive response and commodity structure and regional structure is an important part of the structure of foreign trade. china's accession to wto in 2001, foreign trade has increased rapidly to become the united states, the two countries of the world's third largest trader, but with the rapid development of our foreign trade.The structural problems more and more manifest, for example, the commodity structure is irrational and exports remained low added value of procts. moreover, our foreign trade in merchandise trade is far greater than service trade, so the study of our foreign trade structure is a study of our proct import and export commodity structure, optimize. the article from our foreign trade structure of goods and regional structure has to start.Analysed our import and export trade, and finally made to realize the import and export of strategic goals. the article falls into five chapters, the first three chapters to focus on the development of our foreign trade and the structure of foreign trade in goods and regional structure, the fourth chapter, the introction of our foreign trade, most of the current structure of foreign trade import and export trade and development in order to achieve the strategic objective measures and export of the regrouping.
当今社会，对外贸易在国家或者地区的经济发展中扮演着越来越重要的角色。一国要获得经济快速的经济发展，必须学会利用国际国内两个市场。通过对外贸易，进行物产的互通有无，从而实现资源的优化配置。对贸易行为的分析通常分为总量分析和结构分析，总量分析是从量的角度分析问题，而结构分析更注重从质的角度考察贸易行为。而对外贸易结构是一国或地区经济技术发展水平、产业结构状况、商品国际竞争能力、在国际分工和国际贸易中的地位等的综合反映，而商品结构和区域结构是对外贸易结构的重要组成部分。中国从2001年加入WTO以来，对外贸易快速增长，以成为即美、日两国以后的世界第三大贸易国，但是随着我国对外贸易的快速发展，在结构上的问题越来越多的显现出来，例如商品结构的不合理，出口产品仍然是低附加值产品。而且，我国的对外贸易中商品贸易额远远大于服务贸易额，因此研究我国的对外贸易结构主要是研究我国的商品进出口贸易，达到商品结构的优化。本文将从我国对外贸易结构中的商品结构和区域结构入手，来分析我国的进出口贸易，最后提出为了实现进出口贸易战略目标的措施。全文分为五章，前三章主要讲我国对外贸易的发展现状和对外贸易结构中的商品结构和区域结构的分析,第四章讲,我国在引入外资时对我国进出口贸易的影响,最针对当前的对外贸易结构,提出进出口贸易发展中为了实现战略目标的措施和出口商品的优化措施。
8. 国际贸易英语论文500词
同学，是用英语写，还是用汉语呢？
这篇材料主要是说明国际贸易产生的原因，但是说实在的，这个原因应该算是赫克希尔-俄林的要素禀赋理论的简略版吧，就是太通俗易懂不是理论层面的东西吧，你想要根据材料给的扩展一下呢，还是希望我帮你，从理论的角度分析一下呢？
What is international trade ? the general meaning is : buying and selling among countries,including import trade and export trade . in today’s world , no nation exists in economic isolation . the high degree of economic coorparation reflects the historical evolution of world’s economic and political order . then what are the force driving globalization ? the fist and perhaps most profound influnce is technological change : advances in transport technology have continued to bring people and enterprise closer together , the boundary of tradable goods and services has been greatly extended . also continuing liberalization of trade and investment has made for an ever more unencumbered policy environment for economic relations among nations. last but not least one : lower trade barriers and financial liberalization have allowed more and more companies to globalize proction structures through investment abroad ,which in turn has provided a future stimulus to trade .
as the <the wealth of nations > by adam smith said : the Exchange promote the division of labor, and vice versa. And the division of labour lead to the exchange between people.
then why world economic become more and more interdependence .according to factor-endowment theory and comparative difference , there are two factors : labor and capital .In defferent country , they have different endowments of factors . so the relative commodities require different intensities of the factor in their proction . in this situation the price of relative commodity is different , the country will export the commodity for which a large amount of relatively abundant inputs is used , and this commodity will be more commpative in the world trade .
trade and the distribution of income between the different nations : both partner gain from trade if countries specialize in what they are comparatively best at proction ,they must import goods and service that other countries proce best . for example brazilians supply coffee and americans supply wheat . the large proction will make it possilble for brazilian to gain by using revenues from their wheat sales to purchase american wheat .at the same time american will gain by doing the opposite ,by using the revenues from their wheat sales to purchase brazilian coffee. The american have comparative advantage in wheat protion and brazilians have comparative advantage in coffee protion .
同学，看看吧。应该可以了吧
9. 急求一篇国际贸易的英语论文,高手进
As the economic role of multinational， corpora-tions expands，the international economic environment will be shaped increasingly not by governments or international institutions，but by the interaction between governments and global corporations， especially in the United States，Europe，and Japan. A significant factor in this shifting world economy is the trend toward regional trading biocs of nations，which has a potentially large effect on the evolution of the world trading system. Two examples of this trend are the United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement （FTA）and Europe 1992，the move by the European Community （EC）to dismantle impediments to the free flow of goods，services，capital，and labor among member states by the end of 1992. However， although numerous political and economic factors were operative in launching the move to integrate the EC‘s markets，concern about protectionism within the EC does not appear to have been a major consideration. This is in sharp contrast to the FTA，the overwhelming reason for that bilateral initiative was fear of increasing United States protectionism. None-theless，although markedly different in origin and nature，both regional developments are highly significant in that they will foster integration in the two largest and richest markets of the world，as well as provoke questions about the future direction of the world trading system.
10. 求2~3篇的关于国际贸易的英文文章~~谢谢
International trade is the exchange of capital, goods and services across international boundaries or territories.[1] In most countries, it represents a significant share of GDP. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Instrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services proced within their own borders.
International trade is in principle not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade does not change fundamentally depending on whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs e to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or a different culture.
Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of proction such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of proction. Then trade in good and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of proction. Instead of importing the factor of proction a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of proction and are thus embodying the respective factor. An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing Chinese labor the United States is importing goods from China that were proced with Chinese labor.
International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics.
Models
Several different models have been proposed to predict patterns of trade and to analyze the effects of trade policies such as tariffs.
[edit] Ricardian model
Main article: Ricardian model
The Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage and is perhaps the most important concept in international trade theory. In a Ricardian model, countries specialize in procing what they proce best. Unlike other models, the Ricardian framework predicts that countries will fully specialize instead of procing a broad array of goods. Also, the Ricardian model does not directly consider factor endowments, such as the relative amounts of labor and capital within a country.
[edit] Heckscher-Ohlin model
Main article: Heckscher-Ohlin model
The Heckscher-Ohlin model was proced as an alternative to the Ricardian model of basic comparative advantage. Despite its greater complexity it did not prove much more accurate in its predictions. However from a theoretical point of view it did provide an elegant solution by incorporating the neoclassical price mechanism into international trade theory.
The theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments. It predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce. Empirical problems with the H-O model, known as the Leontief paradox, were exposed in empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States tended to export labor intensive goods despite having a capital abundance.
[edit] Specific factors model
In this model, labour mobility between instries is possible while capital is immobile between instries in the short-run. Thus, this model can be interpreted as a 'short run' version of the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The specific factors name refers to the given that in the short-run specific factors of proction, such as physical capital, are not easily transferable between instries. The theory suggests that if there is an increase in the price of a good, the owners of the factor of proction specific to that good will profit in real terms. Additionally, owners of opposing specific factors of proction (i.e. labour and capital) are likely to have opposing agendas when lobbying for controls over immigration of labour. Conversely, both owners of capital and labour profit in real terms from an increase in the capital endowment. This model is ideal for particular instries. This model is ideal for understanding income distribution but awkward for discussing the pattern of trade!
[edit] New Trade Theory
Main article: New Trade Theory
New Trade theory tries to explain several facts about trade, which the two main models above have difficulty with. These include the fact that most trade is between countries with similar factor endowment and proctivity levels, and the large amount of multinational proction (ie foreign direct investment) which exists. In one example of this framework, the economy exhibits monopolistic competition, and increasing returns to scale.
[edit] Gravity model
Main article: Gravity model of trade
The Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns rather than the more theoretical models discussed above. The gravity model, in its basic form, predicts trade based on the distance between countries and the interaction of the countries' economic sizes. The model mimics the Newtonian law of gravity which also considers distance and physical size between two objects. The model has been proven to be empirically strong through econometric analysis. Other factors such as income level, diplomatic relationships between countries, and trade policies are also included in expanded versions of the model.
[edit] Regulation of international trade
Traditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two nations. For centuries under the belief in Mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international trade. In the 19th century, especially in Britain, a belief in free trade became paramount. This belief became the dominant thinking among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy coincided with the general decline of Great Britain. In the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like the GATT and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade structure. These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and discontent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually beneficial.
Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations, though they often engage in selective protectionism for those instries which are strategically important such as the protective tariffs applied to agriculture by the United States and Europe. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However, many other countries (such as India, China and Russia) are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful themselves. As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade facilitation. The latter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs proceres.
Traditionally agricultural interests are usually in favour of free trade while manufacturing sectors often support protectionism. This has changed somewhat in recent years, however. In fact, agricultural lobbies, particularly in the United States, Europe and Japan, are chiefly responsible for particular rules in the major international trade treaties which allow for more protectionist measures in agriculture than for most other goods and services.
During recessions there is often strong domestic pressure to increase tariffs to protect domestic instries. This occurred around the world ring the Great Depression. Many economists have attempted to portray tariffs as the underlining reason behind the collapse in world trade that many believe seriously deepened the depression.
The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 independent states. The 2005 Buenos Aires talks on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed largely e to opposition from the populations of Latin American nations. Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent years.
[edit] Risks in international trade
The risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups